OVERHEAD REDUCTION TASK FORCE Part II

Meeting with Dixon Both pushed upwards to get: A good team design (composition/small size/good skills mix) Commitment of resources Top management support in the form of Dixon launching the task force Both did so successfully in their own way using their own styles

Team Launch Both were uncompromising and authoritative about the ends states to be achieved Both were equally insistent that the group determine the means Both established clear boundaries (e.g.., closing the door, using names, referring to the team as an entity) Both set basic norms of conduct and parameters Although emphasized that the team was responsible to manage itself, there were some definite do’s and don'ts (confidentiality, can’t terminate the newest employees) Both accomplished these objectives in their own way using very different styles

TEAM DESIGN Supportive Context Clear Direction Authority to manage the work—The Means Enabling Structure (Membership) Small size (max of 6) Skill level Right mix of skills Technical, Problem solving/decision making, Interpersonal Heterogeneous

Team Launch Both were uncompromising and authoritative about the ends states to be achieved Both were equally insistent that the group determine the means Both established clear boundaries (e.g.., closing the door, using names, referring to the team as an entity) Both set basic norms of conduct and parameters Although emphasized that the team was responsible to manage itself, there were some definite do’s and don'ts (confidentiality, can’t terminate the newest employees) Both accomplished these objectives in their own way using very different styles So what should Larry/Lara try to accomplish in the first meeting?

STAGES OF TEAM DEVELOPMENT Forming Let concerns be aired Provide reassurance Nudge the group toward the task Ask for commitment Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

ORTF: LESSONS LEARNED Importance of getting up front conditions right Consider team design issues slides Importance of the initial launch by the person who created the team and doing that launch well regarding: Direction (see means vs. ends slide) Group boundaries Initial behavioral norms

ORTF: LESSONS LEARNED Timing is critical Continuities exist in the life of a group Team design and coaching behavior are interdependent Team leader’s job Ensure favorable conditions Upward and lateral influence for effective design Coaching members to take full advantage of the situation Consider timing Coach the group through the stages of group development Maximize process gains and minimize process losses

Conflict Management & Negotiation

Managing Conflict: High Performance Low Conflict Complacency Managed Intense Conflict

Definitions Conflict Negotiation Interaction of persons who perceive incompatible goals and interference from one another in achieving those goals Negotiation A process in which two or more parties attempt to reach acceptable agreement in a situation characterized by some level of disagreement.

KEY STEPS Analyze Situation Analyze other party(ies) Identify your needs Importance—Is it worth it? Zero-sum Strength of position Future Interactions? Analyze other party(ies) Real needs, interests Strengths/Weaknesses Their styles/approach Select Appropriate Approach Conflict Style Negotiation (Integrative, Distributive)

Styles of Conflict Resolution Aggressive Competition (forcing) Collaboration (Marriage Counselors/Labor mediation) (Manager exerting authority) Satisfy Self? Compromise (Union-Management) Avoidance Accommodation Passive (Most common approach) (Acquiescent Parent) Uncooperative Cooperative Satisfy Other? (Cooperativeness)

INTEGRATIVE NEGOTIATION Conditions Generally best Win-Win is possible Opponent is willing

DISTRIBUTIVE NEGOTIATING Conditions Zero-sum game Opponent is distributive You have the power Relationship not critical

DISTRIBUTIVE STRATEGIES Identify target and resistance points Realistic Goal? Start moderately high/low, make concession, get stingy View initial offers as a starting point Persuasion Leverage Power: Facts, Experience, position Fairness Emotions Closed Manage Perceptions/Framing

DISTRIBUTIVE NEGOTIATION EXPERIENTIALLY Experience #1: Used Car Purchase/Sell Decide on a “buyer” team and a “seller” team Read only the situation and your role (2 minutes) Teams strategize and fill in the three blanks at the end of your role (5 minutes) 10 minutes to negotiate Ugli Orange Decide on a “Dr. Jones” team and a “Dr. Roland” team Have a team rep get your briefing sheet 30 minutes to read and negotiate

KEY STEPS Analyze Situation Analyze other party(ies) Identify your needs Importance—Is it worth it? Zero-sum Strength of position Future Interactions? Analyze other party(ies) Real needs, interests Strengths/Weaknesses Their styles/approach Select Appropriate Approach Conflict Style Negotiation (Integrative, Distributive)

INTEGRATIVE NEGOTIATION Conditions Generally best Win-Win is possible Opponent is willing Key? Integrative Strategies?

INTEGRATIVE NEGOTIATION Integrative Strategies Openness Trust Flexibility Begin Positively Focus on the Issue Remain Rational Use objective criteria

Styles of Conflict Resolution Aggressive Competition (forcing) Collaboration (Marriage Counselors/Labor mediation) (Manager exerting authority) Satisfy Self? Compromise (Union-Management) Avoidance Accommodation Passive (Most common approach) (Acquiescent Parent) Uncooperative Cooperative Satisfy Other? (Cooperativeness)

CHOOSING A STYLE Competition (forcing) Collaboration Time is an important constraint Issue is unpopular/action must be taken Commitment is not critical Competitive others You have the power Collaboration Too important for compromise Time pressures are minimal All want win-win Communication-based

CHOOSING A STYLE Avoidance Accommodation Compromise Issue is trivial Costs/disruptions outweigh benefits Problem may solve itself Based on personal differences Accommodation Issue is more important to the other party Stockpile Credits Minimize loss Compromise Equal power with exclusive goals Temporary solution to a complex issue Tight time constraints

LEADERSHIP

What is Leadership? The ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute to the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. Robert House (2004) The ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. Robbins & Judge (2008)

History of Leadership Thought Trait Theories ( -1940s) Behavioral Theories (1940s-1960s) Contingency/Situational Approaches (1960s- ) Contemporary Transformational Leadership

Trait Theories of Leadership "GREAT MAN" Theories Little agreement on leadership traits Traits can be developed/improved In isolation, narrow traits have little utility

Trait Theories Today CANOE Dimensions Charisma Confidence Credibility Extroversion relates most strongly to leadership Conscientiousness and openness to experience strongly related to leadership Charisma Confidence Credibility Integrity Track Record Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence Ability to detect, express, and manage emotion in oneself and others. Other (Social Competence) Self (Personal Competence) Self Awareness Social Awareness (Empathy) Self-Management Relationship Management Recognition of emotions Regulation of emotions

“The caring part of empathy, especially for people with whom you work, is what inspires people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. The mere fact that someone cares is more often than not rewarded with loyalty.” James Champy, Outsmart

BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES: OHIO STATE STUDIES LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS: 1. Initiating structure: The extent to which a leader is likely to define and structure his or her role and those of subordinates. 2. Consideration: The extent to which a leader is likely to build job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for subordinates' ideas, and regard for their feelings. Effective leaders achieve both.

BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES: MICHIGAN STUDIES LEADERSHIP TYPES: 1. Production Oriented Leaders: Focus on the technical or task aspects of the job See people as a means to goal accomplishment 2. Employee Oriented Leaders: Emphasize interpersonal relations Take a personal interest in subordinate needs Accept individual differences Effectiveness is associated with employee oriented leadership behaviors.

Blake/Mouton Leadership Grid High Low 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Concern for Production 1,9 Country Club Management Thoughtful attention to needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere & work tempo. 9,9 Team Management Work accomplishment is from committed people; interdependence through a “common stake” in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust & respect. 5,5 Middle of the Road Management Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level. 9,1 Authority-Compliance Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree. 1,1 Impoverished Management Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership. Concern for People

BULLY OR VICTIM? Was Hallums a bully? Or, was he a victim? Why? Have all the contingencies been taken into account? Who were his followers? Does it matter? Was Hallums a good leader or a poor leader? What can we conclude about leadership?

BULLY OR VICTIM? Conclusions There is no one best style of leadership Effective leaders possess and use more than one style of leadership. Effective leaders alter their task and relationship orientation to fit the situation. A small set of employee characteristics and (e.g., ability, experience, need for independence) Environmental factors are relevant contingencies (e.g., task characteristics of autonomy and variety) Consider Leadership that gets results (pp. 82-83)

Leadership That Gets Results Coercive In a crisis or genuine emergency Authoritative Changes require a new vision; Clear direction is needed Not good if followers are more experienced than leader Democratic To build buy-in or consensus; get input from valuable/committed employees Leader is uncertain Pace Setting Get quick results from highly skilled and self motivated professionals Affiliative Heal rifts in a team or motivate during stressful circumstances Coaching Help an employee improve performance or develop strengths Must want to improve