The 20 year plan into the Plasma Universe Masaki Fujimoto ISAS, JAXA Space plasma physics at JAXA for the next 20 years

The transition:Magnetospheric physics putting on a new role -The backgournd- Interest in the plasma effects are growing in the general space science community Magnetospheric in-situ observations do provide crucial information for our fundamental understanding of the Plasma Universe

Magnetospheres do host plasma dynamics processes of fundamental importance such as Shocks, reconnection, and turbulence. The magnetospheres can be regarded as the laboratories of the space plasma dynamics, and is the only space where in-situ crucial measurements can be performed. To revitalize the value of magnetospheric observations from this new perspective is being widely accepted by the community. The new perspective

The parameter space not covered by the earth ’ s magnetosphere Different parameter regime, different settings, and so on, offered by different planets. Driving the synergy among different missions with the Plasma Universe concept in mind.

Future Space Plasma Missions at JAXA ~2020’s Planetary MagnetospheresThe Plasma UniverseGeospace Exploration BepiColmbo L2014 ESA/JAXA mission to Mercury EJSM to Jupiter in 2020’s SCOPE/CrossScale ESA/JAXA Multiscale at the same time in Earth magnetosphere ~2017 ERG A small explorer into the inner-magnetosphere and relativistic particle acceleration processes ~2013

The next steps Multi-scale measurements of space plasma dynamics in the earth ’ s magnetosphere via spacecraft constellation observations: SCOPE/Cross-Scale. Explore, with dedicated instruments, different parameter space provided by different magnetospheres: BepiColombo MMO, LAPLACE to Jupiter.

The SCOPE Mission M. Fujimoto ISAS, JAXA

Multi-scale measurements is visualization Good visualization - Large field-of-view - High resolution image Coverage over the MHD-scale dynamics THEMIS Resolving electron-scale dynamics MMS

Cross Scale Coupling MHD-scale dynamics Key process in key region In most cases, ion/electron scale physics Non-linear effects Non-MHD processes add interesting effects unreachable by MHD dynamics Boundary condition Addition of curious effects Large-scale Dynamic phenomenon develops only when the system works as a whole

Simultaneous multi-scale measurements is crucial The coupling occurs in a time-dependent manner. Super-position of observations obtained at different times cannot give the correct picture. Measurements at different scales should be made simultaneously.

Simultaneous multi-scale measurements is crucial. Having said this, how should we design the mission?

Daughter(far) ： 5km 〜 5000km Daughter(far) Mother Daughter(near) ： 5km 〜 100 ｋｍ Daughter(far) MHD Scale Ultra high-speed electron measurements Electron Scale SCOPE

The toughest question Is the number of the s/c outside the mother-daughter pair, three, good enough? Two-scales at the same time, at most. More straightly, more is not only better but is different. International collaboration helps.

ESA M-Cube Tetrahedra at 3-scales, with each s/c being rather simple JAXA SCOPE A big mothership (P/L ~90kg)

Combing the two ideas in the ideal way gives birth to Cross Scale

Current status ESA Cross-Scale: Selected as one of the M-class candidate of Cosmic Vision in Oct In Phase-A. JAXA SCOPE: Proposed to ISAS Sep 2008, under review for upgrade to Phase- A.

The whole picture of SCOPE/Cross-Scale: Full-scale coverage via international collaboration with clear interfaces ESA’s component China’s componentRussia’s component To be launched by JAXA’s H2-A SCOPE mother and near/far-daughter (JP w collab. Inst.) Far-daughters (CAN) Another F-daughter? (?) Dual launch partner THEMIS-like s/c (NASA)

Programmatic issues SCOPE proposed at ISAS this September. Solid ideas on the collaboration scheme (especially TWN, CAN and US) as well as expressing interest in the joint-project （ especially ESA, CHN and RUS ） will help SCOPE to be successful at the review. SCOPE’s moving to the next stage should help others to move on. This is nothing but win-win relationship!

The next steps Multi-scale measurements of space plasma dynamics in the earth ’ s magnetosphere via spacecraft constellation observations: SCOPE/Cross-Scale. Explore, with dedicated instruments, different parameter space provided by different magnetospheres: BepiColombo MMO, LAPLACE to Jupiter.

BepiColombo Full exploration of the mysterious workd of Mercury ESA: MPO, Magnetospheric Planetary Orbiter JAXA:MMO, Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter Two-point measurements in the exotic Hermean magnetopshere expected.

Mercury Small magnetosphere Plasma direct contact with the planetary surface

Mercury Small magnetosphere Plasma direct contact with the planetary surface Growing expectation triggered by recent results from Kaguya

©JAXA

Orbit 2-h period polar orbit 100 km alt. SELENE measures the near-Moon plasma environment comprehensively. Here at the middle of the wake is 100km above anti-subsolar point: The toughest point for the SW ions to reach.

Wake (1) : Quasi-vacuum wake electrons almost void ions void

Wake (2) : Electron-rich wake electrons intrusion low-energy SW e- flux ions slight intrusion

Night side electrons –bi-streaming –acceleration ions –1-2 keV –from the moon ions from the moon !? field-aligned electrons

Ions from the moon Orbit near noon-midnight meridian Ion detection on the night side ions actually came from the moon toward SELENE

The key issue: Protons are reflected at the Moon’s surface. A discovery by MAP-PACE/Kaguya. Should be expected At Mercury as well.

SUN MOON SELENE (KAGUYA) MAP-PACE has revealed lunar plasma environment Reflection Pick-up ions Sputtering etc… Moon’s plasma environment is unexpectedly active

Mercury Ion Environment Solar Wind - Moon Interaction Magnetosphere = + Lunar Ion Environment Solar Wind - Moon Interaction = + Reflection Pick-up ions Sputtering etc… Reflection Pick-up ions Sputtering etc… Magnetic field shielding Magnetospheric Convection Particles Acceleration COMPLICATED so we should be ready for surprises SIMPLE but already very interesting

The next steps Multi-scale measurements of space plasma dynamics in the earth ’ s magnetosphere via spacecraft constellation observations: SCOPE/Cross-Scale. Explore, with dedicated instruments, different parameter space provided by different magnetospheres: BepiColombo MMO, LAPLACE to Jupiter.

Orginally, LAPLACE ESA-JAXA collaboration proposal to ESA CV

Mission Objectives How did the Jupiter system form? How does the Jupiter ssystem work? Is Europa habitable?

How we regard the Jupiter mission LAPLACE Japanese planetary missions are in the first stage. Now is the time to plan the second stage. In constructing the roadmap of future planetary missions, a mission to Jupiter has come to be recognized as the focus of interest from various disciplines. We regard LAPLACE as the post-BepiColombo mission. -ESA-JAXA collaboration to make a challenge mission happen -International team-up to explore a planet as one-world -International team-up to accomplish the mission for mankind

In the LAPLACE proposal ESA to provide Europa orbiter and Jovian orbiter, both 3-axis stabilized (suited for imaging) JAXA to provide a spinner (JMO: Jovian Magnetospheric Orbiter), the best platform for space plasma measurements The spinner as a passenger until the Jovian orbit insertion Three-point measurements of the Jovian magnetospheric dynamics

Expectation of JMO Study in the Jovian magnetospheric data of sufficient quality can overarch between planetary-plasma and astro-plasma physics.

Current status of what was formerly known as LAPLACE One of the L-class candidate of ESA Cosmic Vision , in Phase A. Now NASA joined, and the mission name is changed to EJSM (Europa-Jupiter-System-Mission) NASA: Europa orbiter, ESA: Ganymede orbiter, JAXA: need to come up with self-launch scenario to fly an up-graded package including JMO. Still three-point measurent expected.

Future Space Plasma Missions at JAXA ~2020’s Planetary MagnetospheresThe Plasma UniverseGeospace Exploration BepiColmbo L2014 ESA/JAXA mission to Mercury EJSM to Jupiter in 2020’s SCOPE/CrossScale ESA/JAXA Multiscale at the same time in Earth magnetosphere ~2017 ERG A small explorer into the inner-magnetosphere and relativistic particle acceleration processes ~2013

Until Cross-Scale/SCOPE 2017 Ongoing: Geotail-Cluster-THEMIS multi-point measurements. Researcher-friendly web-tool provided at DARTS.ISAS Strong simulation groups interacting quite fruitfully with the observers Kaguya, Reimei (microsat for Auroral physics) ~2013: ERG. A small inner-magnetospehre explorer 2014:MMS. Provide ion-detector onboard

Three steps towards the new horizon SCOPE/CrossScale: Setting the new backbone of space plasma physics BepiColombo MMO to Mercury: Exploration into the mysterious micro-cosmos EJSM JMO to Jupiter: Anatomy of the huge particle accelerator These three major steps (plus ERG) via international collaboration (hopefully including Taiwan) will transform space plasma physics into a new shape. It’s not just about the magnetosphere anymore.