TWO VIEWS ON CANADA’S FORESTRY INDUSTRY CORPORATE VIEW ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEWS

The World’s Largest Forest Nations Country Percentage of Forested Land Degrees of a circle graph Brazil 59% 212 Canada 42% 151 China 13% 47 India 23% 83 Russia 48% 173 United States 31% 112

Canada’s commercial and non commercial forest

416.2 million hectares of canada is FOREST! Area of Concentration Forestry by Company (below) Forestry within Canada (most popular places) (above) 416.2 million hectares of canada is FOREST!

Forest Regions of Canada Commercial Forest Non Commercial Forest Non Forested land Boreal 49% 24% 27% Taiga 11% 34% 55% Montane 65% 6% 29% Mixed 47% 2% 61% West Coast 39% 7% 54% Arctic 0% 1% 99% Prairie 4% 96% What conclusions can we draw about the location and importance of forestry in a diverse Canada?

In what ways are Canada's different forest used for commercial purposes? Boreal- pulp and paper (small trees) Taiga- too far from markets- some for pulp and paper West Coast Forest- largest volume of wood per hectare, large trees for lumber, cedar shingles and plywood Montane Forest- 2nd largest volume of wood per hectare , lumber and pulp and paper Mixed Forest- conferous trees are used for lumber and pulp and paper, deciduous used for flooring and furniture making, maple, cherry, birch

Extraction Shelter wood logging. ↓ Clear cutting in Kelowna, British Columbia.↑ Selective cutting, BC ↑

EXTRACTION COMPARISON Harvesting Process Ease of Logging Cost Ecological Protection Clear Cutting Shelterwood logging Selective Cutting Use page 314-315 to complete this chart

EXTRACTION COMPARISON Harvesting Process Ease of Logging Cost Ecological Protection Clear Cutting Fastest Cheapest New forest uniform in species and size Shelterwood logging Easily Done as small areas are clear cut Cheap See bearing trees left Forest regenerated naturally Selective Cutting More difficult More expensive Less disruptive

Transportation Logs being transported by boat.→ Transporting logs by truck from where they have been extracted.↑ →

Processing Saw mills tend to be much smaller operations than pulp and paper Each mill specializes in a particular market Number of saw mills have decline from 900 to 850. New mills replace old fashioned mills that were designed to just saw logs, new mills reduce waster and parts of the log that were thrown out 30 years ago are now used eg. Particle board and bark and sawdust are burned to help power the mill

Processing STEP 1 STEP 2 2 blades cut off parts of the wood that cant be used. ← STEP 3 While being examined blades cut the logs in to needed sizes. ↑ Logs are sent down a conveyer belt to be shipped off.→

Processing- Bark Removal STEP 1 Using pressure jets of water to remove bark. Doesn’t work in area with cold climate STEP 3 STEP 2 Very efficient

1 in 16 jobs inovolve some kind of foresty. Economic Importance 1 in 16 jobs inovolve some kind of foresty. 33% of all our exports is forestry. The highest % of any group. Forestry creates 360 000 direct jobs and 500 000 indirect ones. → ←We make 81 billion dollars a year off lumber. 40 billion dollars of wood is exported.

What economic impact does the forestry industry have in Canada? Pulp and Paper Quebec (11 993 million), Ontario (11 115 million) and British Columbia (6264 million ) have most mills (other provinces 13 551 million) Lumber- British Columbia (10 817 million) Quebec (8032 million) Ontario (5664 million) 5610 million from other provinces

Economic Importance-Cont. Canada's Largest Product Lumber USA Majority Japan Europe

Production Problems Wasted lumber from production. Plywood↑ Multi wood chips↓ Biggest problem in production. Solution have been created though.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FACING THE INDUSTRY ACID PRECIPITATION CAUSED BY EMISSIONS FROM FACTORIES PREVAILING WINDS CARRY EMISSIONS TREES ARE WEAKENED AND TURN YELLOW THOSE THAT DON’T DIE OUTRIGHT GROW MORE SLOWLY Acid precipitation

Environmental Challenges Facing the Industry Mountain pine beetle that has been devouring forests. Once clear-cut trees cannot provide humus for the soil making it extremely hard for anything to grow back. Unhealthy soil.←

Environmental Issues Created by Forest Industry Unfertile soil.→ Habitat loss. Global warming increased. Destroyed ecozones. Air pollution.

Future Prospects L U M B E R Need for lumber is at its highest and will just keep increasing Many new homes and suburbs being built. New city development→ The need for paper is high.

THREE ISSUES TWO VIEWS ISSUES CORPORATE VIEW ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEW Rad page 320 and 321 to SUMMARIZE their views ISSUES CORPORATE VIEW ENVIRONMENTALIST VIEW Clear Cutting Aerial spraying of Pesticides Global Competition