COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS & INFECTIONS AVERTED OF PMTCT SERVICES BY COMMUNITY AND FACILITY STRENGTHENING IN MASHONALAND CENTRAL PROVINCE, ZIMBABWE Ravikanthi Rapiti¹, Angela Mushavi 2, Ann Levine 3, Julie Pulerwitz 1 & Ibou Thior 3 1 Population Council, 2 Zimbabwe Ministry of Health, 3 PATH International AIDS Economic Network 19 July 2014 Melbourne, Australia

PMTCT in Zimbabwe In 2009 – Pregnant women attended ANC—54% 1 – ANC HIV prevalence—16% (20% in Mashonaland Central) – MTCT rate—30% 2 Roll out of 2010 WHO Option A guidelines in 2011 Health facilities required significant training and mentoring to provide these newer, more complicated regimens To increase uptake, communities, families and males also needed to be engaged 1 World Health Organization. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants: towards universal access. Available at: Accessed 29 April UNAIDS Global AIDS Response Progress Report, 2012: Zimbabwe Country Report. Available at: rt.pdf. Accessed 29 April rt.pdf

Objectives Evaluation of the Arise PMTCT project implemented in 21 sites in Mashonaland Province, Zimbabwe that sought to address whether a strengthened PMTCT package could improve: – PMTCT coverage – Outcomes – Cost and cost effectiveness Could a paediatric infection be averted in <500USD per infection?

Arise study sites

Project timeline (45 months) April 2014 Aug-Sept 2011 Baseline survey Aug-Sept 2011 End line survey April 2014 ARISE intervention initiated Dec 2011 ARISE intervention concludes March 2014 May 2014 Sept 2010 Project closure May 2014 Project start up Sept 2010

Components of intervention Facility level – Provision of point-of-care CD4 machines – Training & mentoring of providers – Strengthening completion of routine PMTCT registers – Strengthening links with central laboratory Community level – Awareness campaigns, dramas – Follow up with clients who missed scheduled visits in the PMTCT cascade – Sensitizing community leader & faith healers – Establishing support groups – Outreach and targeting of men – Strengthening community and health facility linkages

Data sources for the evaluation Financial reports on expenditures for costing An activity-based costing approach Costing templates were developed Types of costs were defined Infections averted were calculated Sensitivity analysis was conducted Costing was determined

How many HIV infections were averted over the intervention period?

Estimating infant HIV infections averted Modeled estimates of infant HIV infections. – Estimated number of HIV-exposed infants were derived from the HIV prevalence rate times the estimated number of live births per year in the project catchment area. – Validated data from routinely completed PMTCT facility registers

Estimated number of infections averted Lower LimitUpper Limit # deliveries per year 15,96820,508 HIV prevalence in pregnant women (as proportion)16%20% Total number of HIV+ pregnant women delivering per year 2,554.94,101.6 Year 1Year 2Year 3 Year 4 (Quarter 1) Total Lower Limit ,822 Upper Limit5801,0051, ,925

What were the costs per infection averted?

Describing costs Type of costCost category/cost itemsData sources Start upRecurrentIndirect programmatic costs Financial (programmatic costs defined as DFATD funded financial expenditure used to deliver the services to beneficiaries) Micro-planning, developing materials, training & mentoring, sensitization Health commodities & storage/transport, personnel, capital (annualized), transport & travel, office facilities, admin, & meetings Cell phone & communication costs for non- direct staff, rent & office bills, office repairs & upkeep Project expense reports (ZAPP, CHAI & PC); Facility data; Ministry of Finance; MoH Economic (financial costs plus the value of shared project costs and the value of all donated goods and services) Start-up financial costs value of all donated goods and services, and of resources already financed to provide comprehensive care and treatment Recurrent economic costs and other shared costs including HCW costs and the laboratory and ARV health commodity costs Financial indirect programmatic costs plus that were shared with other programs, including rent for the CHAI office

Costing Period (2011–2013) Cost category DFATD upfront financial Start-up233,555 Recurrent363, 986 Indirect programmatic costs 58,014 Total costs (no indirect programmatic costs) 867,120 Total costs (with indirect programmatic costs) 655,555

Costing Period ( ) Cost category DFATD upfront financial Start-up34,500 Recurrent235,079 Capital costs21,443 Indirect programmatic costs 58,014 Total costs (no indirect programmatic costs)291,022 Total costs (with indirect programmatic costs) 349,036

Final Costing The front line costs for 2011–2013 included both the facility and the community intervention. The community intervention continued until the end of the project (February 2014). The cost of infections averted during 2013– 2014 is a range between $ and $ when the prevalence is varied between 16 percent and 20 percent respectively.

Conclusions This project demonstrated that a combined community and health facility approach has the potential to improve access and retention across the PMTCT cascade. Community strategies on retention and male involvement as well as cost data will be important contributions as Zimbabwe now moves to Option B+.

Conclusions (con’t) Use of routine real world programmatic data for estimating infections averted is a strength of this study. Even though a more efficacious PMTCT program, Option A, costs more than previous regimens, the cost of averting infections are lower compared to lifetime treatment costs.

Considerations Lack of control facilities. Contributions of other stakeholders and other donors to national and provincial level efforts. Investments in infrastructure and human capacity development will remain.

Acknowledgements This presentation was produced under Arise—Enhancing HIV Prevention Programs for At-Risk Populations, through financial support provided by the Canadian Government through Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, and via financial and technical support provided by PATH. Arise implements innovative HIV prevention initiatives for vulnerable communities, with a focus on determining cost-effectiveness through rigorous evaluations.