Romantic Period

Principles of the Romantic Era Restriction no longer important Emphasis on emotion rather than reason Nationalism Stories depicted Nature in a mystical way Exotic

Characteristics of Music Departure from Classical era –Message in the music (One word description? Ex: Beethoven’s 5 th) Use of dynamics Orchestra grew in size

Characteristics of Music Emotional directions Folk songs Longer symphonies Virtuosos Underlying themes carried throughout the symphony

Beethoven Bridged Classical and Romantic periods Manifested Romantic ideal –Symphony No. 6 (Pastoral)Symphony No. 6 (Pastoral) –Symphony No. 3 (Eroica)Symphony No. 3 (Eroica) –Symphony No. 9 ("Ode to Joy")Symphony No. 9 ("Ode to Joy") –Piano Sonata No. 8 (Pathetique)Piano Sonata No. 8 (Pathetique)

Hector Berlioz French composer Story printed in program Symphonie Fantastique

Franz Schubert Vienna Austria Child prodigy Wrote lieder—songs with emotional theme –Erlkönig Song cycle Wrote for fewer instruments –Unfinished Symphony –Symphony in C major Many works were lost

Felix Mendelssohn Early life Tried to preserve Classical style –Brought Bach out of obscurity Symphonies were classical form and romantic tone Midsummer Night’s Dream

Nicolo Paganini Italian Violin virtuosos Ghoulish appearance “The Cannon”

Frederic Chopin Child prodigy Sickly his whole life Made money by giving piano concerts Composed mazurkas, preludes and polonaises –Etude Opus 10 –Polonaise in A flat major –Minute WaltzMinute Waltz

Franz Liszt Hungarian child prodigy Greatest showman Kind to other musicians Several love affairs Les Preludes Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 Wilde Jagd

Richard Wagner German nationalism Not a prodigy Immoral life Opera –Leitmotif Depicted myths and heroes –Die Walküre (Ride of the Valkyries)Ride of the Valkyries –Tannhäuser (end of the overture) –Tristan and Isolde (Unresolved – Liebestod)

Giuseppe Verdi Greatest Italian style opera –Aida –La Traviata –Rigoletto La Donna e Mobile Innovation –Focus on human emotion –De-emphasis on bel-canto style Rossini: Barber of Seville –Excellent librettos –Orchestra an important component

Bedrich Smetana Czech Bartered Bride Die Moldau –River running through Prague

Johann Strauss Father was excellent composer Played in father’s orchestra More popular than his father Waltzes –Embodiment of Viennese life –Blue Danube Waltz –Tales of the Vienna Woods

Johann Brahms German Imitated Beethoven Mentored by Robert and Clara Schumann Hungarian Dance #5

Russian Composers Moussorgsky,Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Rimsky-Korsakov –Russian Easter Overture Used Russian themes Helped each other Flight of the Bumble Bee Night on Bald Mountain Almaty, Kazakhstan

Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky Russian Used French style Ballets are most famous –Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty –Romeo and Juliet Deep emotion for his sad life –Symphony No. 6 – Pathètique

Edvard Grieg Norwegian Peer Gynt –Hall of the Mountain King

Antonin Dvorak Czech Inspired by Smetana Head of Conservatory in Prague Director of a NY music conservatory –3 years –Composed New World Symphony

Gustav Mahler Jewish The Hunters’ Funeral Procession

Principles of Art Abandoned strict rules of neoclassical Conveyed personal feeling of artist Used nationalism Depicted the exotic Landscapes became important

"If you want to do art you must first study the rules, second study the great masters, third forget the rules, because genius begins where trite rules end but you can't get there until you've obeyed the rules first." – Sir Joshua Reynolds ( )

Francisco Goya - Classical Period

Franciso Goya – Romantic Period 3 rd of May 1808

Goya Saturn Devouring One of His Sons

Eugene Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

Delacroix The Death of Sardanapalus

Joseph Mallord William Turner The Fighting "Temeraire"

Joseph Mallord William Turner The Slave Ship

"From the early 16C to the end of the 18C common opinion held that religious and history painting were the highest genres. The one edified, the other reminded; both decorated. Portraits came next, landscapes lagged behind. For nature was not yet loved for itself alone. In the early Renaissance it served as a background only, and even then it was 'humanized' by the presence of temples, columns, or other architectural fragments, along with actual figures." – Barzun, Jacques, From Dawn to Decadence, Perennial, 2000, p71.

John Constable Hay Wain

Literature

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Raised the level of German literature The Sufferings of Young Werther Dr. Faustus

Sir Walter Scott Scotland Historical novels Influenced by Goethe Popular in his own life Ivanhoe Lady of the Lake

William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge English Lyrical ballads –Rime of the Ancient Mariner Themes: relationship between humans and nature

Lord Byron Art was an inner expression Participation in revolutions Strong personality Italy and Switzerland Childe Harold The Flying Dutchman The Wandering Jew

Percy Bysshe Shelley English Strongly liberal Friends with Lord Byron Married Mary Wollstonecraft –Frankenstein

Leo Tolstoy Russian War and Peace Anna Karenina Born to nobility but lived on simple farm Freed the serfs

Victor Hugo Son of Napoleonic general Involved in French politics Les Miserables Hunchback of Notre Dame

Alexandre Dumas Imitated style of Scott Novels supported extravagant life –Employed several people Count of Monte Cristo The Three Musketeers The Man in the Iron Mask

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