Illustrations of the basic models of the autonomic reactions to threat and anxiety stimuli Terence Palmer PhD

External Stimulus (threat) Sense organs – eyes, ears, touch, taste, smell Conscious appraisal Nervous and endocrine systems By-pass conscious appraisal Unconscious automatic fight or flight reaction Resolution - homeostasis Appropriate and effective response = survival Inappropriate or non- effective response = death

Motor system Fear reaction. Fight – Flight - Freeze Homeostasis Hyper vigilance, stress, phobias, somatic symptoms, panic attacks, neurosis External Stimulus (threat) Sense organs – eyes, ears, touch, taste, smell Limbic system Amygdala Reticular activating system – arousal and attention Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary - to the endocrine system Hippocampus – novelty and familiarity Neo cortex – sophisticated cognitive constructs that colour and identify emotions Preconceived ideas

Motor system Fear reaction Fight – Flight - Freeze Homeostasis Hyper vigilance, stress, phobias, somatic symptoms, panic attacks, neurosis Limbic system Amygdala Reticular activating system – arousal and attention Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary - to the endocrine system Hippocampus – novelty and familiarity Neo cortex – sophisticated cognitive constructs that colour and identify emotions Preconceived ideas

First personSecond person Positive stateGood Negative stateBad

First personSecond person Thoughts Feelings Actions, behaviour & projected attitude Thoughts Feelings Actions, behaviour & reciprocated attitude

Psychosis Fear Anxiety Panic attacks Phobias Neurosis Dissociative disorders

Shamanism Religious Exorcism Animal magnetism Hypnosis Psychoanalysis Cognitive therapy Spiritualism, Spiritism, Christian Science Behaviourism Scientific Enlightenment Pharmacology Mysticism, Christian & Eastern Religious Philosophies The eclectic combination or integration. CBT + meditation = Mindfulness Rational epistemologySpiritual epistemology