Preventive Medicine C2a

WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority )

MMDA 96-009 MMDA 99-004

MMDA 96-009 Prohibits: Littering, dumping, throwing of garbage or any waste Open or public places

MMDA 96-009 Requires: Owners, lessees, occupants of residential and commercial establishments Clean and maintain cleanliness Frontage and immediate surroundings Penalties for violation

MMDA 96-009 Solid waste disposal and management Policies Standards Programs and projects for proper and sanitary waste disposal Sanitary landfill and other alternative facilities Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste Regulate indiscriminate dumping/littering in public places, rivers, canals, drainage and other water outlets.

MMDA 99-004 Proper Refuse Management and Reduction of Solid Waste at its source in Metro Manila AIMS TO: Ensure urban protection from solid waste that is improperly segregated, collected and disposed Reduce Solid Waste at its source Optimize the inherent value of waste as materials resource Institutionalize necessary reforms in handling solid wastes

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Segregation of Wastes Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes For premises containing 6 or more residential units, the local government unit shall promulgate regulations requiring the owner or person in charge of such premises to: (a) provide for the residents a designated area and containers in which to accumulate source separated recyclable materials to be collected by the municipality or private center; and (b) notify the occupants of such buildings of the requirements of this Act and the regulations promulgated pursuant thereto. Section 21 requires the mandatory segregation of solid wastes at source to include household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources. The wastes will be segregated and properly marked as can-be- composted, non-recyclable, recyclable or special wastes. Segregation and collection of biodegradable, can-be-composted and reusable wastes shall be conducted at the barangay level, while collection of non-recyclable materials and special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city (Section 10).

Segregation of Wastes Requirements for the Segregation and Storage of Solid Waste (a) There shall be a separate container for each type of waste from all sources: Provided, That in the case of bulky waste, it will suffice that the same be collected and placed in a separate and designated area; and (b) The solid waste container depending on its use shall be properly marked or identified for on-site collection as "compostable", "non-recyclable", "recyclable" or "special waste", or any other classification as may be determined by the Commission. Black: Non-biodegradable waste Red: Hazardous waste Green: Biodegradable waste Yellow: Pathological waste

Collection and Transport of Solid Waste Requirements for Collection of Solid Waste (a) All collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste shall be equipped with personal protective equipment to protect them from the hazards of handling solid wastes; (b) Necessary training shall be given to the collectors and personnel to ensure that the solid wastes are handled properly and in accordance with the guidelines pursuant to this Act; and (c) Collection of solid waste shall be done in a manner which prevents damage to the container, and spillage or scattering of solid waste within the collection vicinity.

Collection and Transport of Solid Waste Requirements for the Transport of Solid Waste The use of separate collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers shall be required for specific types of wastes. Otherwise, vehicles used for the collection and transport of solid wastes shall have the appropriate compartments to facilitate efficient storing of sorted wastes while in transit. Vehicles shall be designed to consider road size, condition and capacity to ensure the safe and efficient collection and transport of solid wastes. The waste compartment shall have a cover to ensure the containment of solid wastes while in transit. For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear the body number, the name, and telephone number of the contractor/agency collecting solid waste.

WASTE MANAGEMENT Statistics

Metro Manila Waste Disposal Facilities Facility Start of Operation Type Size (hectares) Daily Waste Intake (tons/day) Montalban SWDF - Rodriguez, Rizal Jun 2002 CD 14 1,321.12 Barangay Tanza, Navotas Oct 2002 11 430.00 Lingonan, Valenzuela City 1988 270.00 Payatas, Quezon City 1973 OD 21 1,294.00 San Pedro, Laguna 467.00 Catmon, Malabon 195.00 Pier 18, Tondo, Manila 186.00 Pulang Lupa, Las Piñas 7 228.00 TOTAL 4,391.12 SWDF = solid waste disposal facility; CD = controlled dumpsite; OD = open dumpsite A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines. Rhea Abigail Navarro ,LUMES 2002/2003 http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/02.03/theses/navarro_rhea_abigail.pdf

Metro Manila Waste Generation (2003) City/Municipality Waste Generation (tons/day) Quezon City 1,372.60 Manila 915.80 Caloocan 768.80 Makati 270.70 Pasig 317.70 Valenzuela 307.70 Las Piñas 272.90 Pasay 213.40 Muntinlupa 232.40 Parañaque 287.20 Taguig 302.60 Marikina 247.20 City/Municipality Waste Generation (tons/day) Malabon 208.90 Mandaluyong 171.50 Navotas 143.00 San Juan 72.10 Pateros 35.90 TOTAL 6,140.40 A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines. Rhea Abigail Navarro ,LUMES 2002/2003 http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/02.03/theses/navarro_rhea_abigail.pdf

Sources of Metro Manila Waste (2003) A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines. Rhea Abigail Navarro ,LUMES 2002/2003 http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/02.03/theses/navarro_rhea_abigail.pdf

Metro Manila Waste Composition (2003) A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines. Rhea Abigail Navarro ,LUMES 2002/2003 http://www.lumes.lu.se/database/alumni/02.03/theses/navarro_rhea_abigail.pdf

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act R.A. 9003

Solid waste management (SWM) to wastes from households, municipal services, construction debris and the agricultural sector. also includes non-hazardous, non-liquid wastes from institutions and industries (RA 9003) Solid waste management (SWM) pertains to the control of the “generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal (RA 9003) ” of solid waste in a fashion that is in accordance to societal and economic needs while at the same time compliant to environmental standards and principles.

What is Ecological SWM? It is the systematic management of solid waste which provides for: Waste reduction at source Segregation at source for recovery of reusables, recyclables and compostables Segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste management and All other waste management activities which do not harm the environment

The Solid Waste Management Plan Who must have SWM plans? All provinces, cities and municipalities. The law requires that the plan shall: Be a 10-year plan consistent with the National SWM Framework. Be for the re-use, recycling and composting of wastes and ensure the efficient management of solid waste generated in the respective jurisdictions of LGUs Contain a timetable and all the components provided in RA 9003 All local government SWN plans have to be approved by the NSWM comission

Components of the SWM plan Background information Waste characterization Source reduction Recycling Composting Collection and transfer processing 8. Solid waste facility capacity and final disposal 9. Education & public information 10. Special wastes 11. Resource requirement & funding 12. Privatization of SWM projects

Solid Waste Management Activities The 1st priority of the ecological SWM system shall be volume reduction at the source. Other major SWN activities under RA 9003 Processing Covers segregation, re-use, recycling and composting Collection & transport Establishment of materials recovery facility Disposal

Solid Waste Management Activities Mandatory segregation shall be conducted at the source which refers to separating at the point of origin different materials found in solid waste for recycling and re-using them. Solid wastes shall be segregated into : Compostable -special wastes Non-recyclable -others recyclable

Solid Waste Management Activities The DTI, in cooperation with the DENR, DILG/LGUs, sectors practicing recycling and other concerned agencies, shall undertake a study of existing markets for processing and purchasing recyclable materials and the potential steps necessary to expand these markets.

Institutional Set-up of SWM in Metro Manila National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Local Government Units NGOs INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE With the passing of RA 9003 there came a transformation in the country’s SWM. The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC), a central body for national SWM was created to oversee the implementation of a comprehensive SWM framework (refer to Figure 6.2 ). Under it are provincial SWM boards to be chaired by their respective governors. The provincial boards will be composed of the city and municipal mayors, as well as, NGOs and representatives of the recycling, and packaging industries. In the case of Metro Manila, the MMDA is mandated to chair its SWM board. (RA 9003) The LGUs work under the MMDA and directly with residential and commercial generators through the delivery of waste collection and municipal services. The NGOs focus on community-based projects such as environmental education. Residential Generators Commercial Generators Municipal Services

National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) created to implement RA 9003 tasked to create a national SWM framework and oversee its implementation in accordance to RA 9003’s objectives Chair Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Vice-Chair representative of the private sector provides secretariat support to the commission: DENR – Environmental Management Bureau (DENR – EMB)

Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) created in 1995 with the passing of RA 7924 created with the task of overseeing metro-wide services within Metro Manila without trespassing on LGU autonomy, which is provided for in RA 7160, the Local Government Code. dependent on subsidies and allocations from the national government as well as contributions from LGUs

Local Government Units (LGUs) refer to individual cities and municipalities Involvement involves solid waste collection, street sweeping and river clean ups quality of services varies from LGU to LGU, depending on their financial capability to deliver SWM services Majority of the hire contractors to take care of solid waste collection and transport to the dumps for final disposal. With the passing of RA 9003 -- they are tasked: to formulate 10-year SWM plans which would redirect at least a quarter of generated solid wastes towards reuse, recycling and composting now requiring their citizens to practice segregation waste is to be classified in four types: biodegradable, nonrecyclable, recyclable, and special waste These LGUs or Local Government Units refer to individual cities and municipalities. Under the NCR, there are 17 LGUs – 13 are cities while 4 are municipalities. Their involvement in SWM in their respective jurisdictions involves solid waste collection, street sweeping and river clean ups. The quality of services, however, varies from LGU to LGU, depending on their financial capability to deliver SWM services. There is a large amount of controversy that surrounds the way SWM is handled in LGUs. Majority of the LGUs hire contractors to take care of solid waste collection and transport to the dumps for final disposal. Critics say that SWM is plagued with corruption as many contractors, as well as politicians, see this sector as a lucrative venture (PCIJ, 2001). With the passing of RA 9003, they are tasked to formulate 10-year SWM plans which would redirect at least a quarter of generated solid wastes towards reuse, recycling and composting through the establishment of community based recovery facilities and buy-back centers (ADB, 2002). Considering the abovementioned corruption in SWM, these vested interests are perhaps some of the reasons why there is a delay in the implementation of ESWM’s provisions. Under R.A. 9003, LGUs are now requiring their citizens to practice segregation at the source including institutional, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sources. The waste is to be classified in four types: biodegradable, nonrecyclable, recyclable, and special waste. The baronages are now mandated to collect recyclable and biodegradable waste, and the city/munic- ipality is responsible for the residual and special waste. To further encourage segregation at the source, the LGUs have developed specific collection schedules/dates for biodegradable, recyclable, and residual waste. Some LGUs are refusing to collect nonsegregated waste. Waste segregation at the household level, however, is not yet widely practiced. Traditionally, Filipinos only segregate waste according to what they can sell, mainly bottles and papers, to roaming waste buyers.

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) passage of RA 9003 Recycling Movement of the Philippines, the Earth Day Network, Mother Earth, Linis Ganda, Concerned Citizens Against Pollution, and Greenpeace Philippines strongly oppose MMDA’s plans that focus more on finding the potential landfill sites rather than recycling and waste segregation --Odette Alcantara, founder and head of Mother Earth also conduct: community-based recycling material recovery efforts training and seminars for community leaders and help them set up SWM systems in their areas There is a well-developed sector of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the country, championing different causes (Gaite & Eggerth, 2000). The cause of solid waste management is no exception. Especially in Metro Manila, where the problems of SWM were pronounced NGOs have long campaigned for sectoral changes favoring community based solutions. The passage of RA 9003 has long been fought for by an alliance of NGOs which include the Recycling Movement of the Philippines, the Earth Day Network, Mother Earth, Linis Ganda15 , Concerned Citizens Against Pollution, and Greenpeace Philippines (Gonzales, 2002). After the signing of RA 9003 into law, these NGOs have not rested their case. They remain vigilant and aware that the law has not been properly implemented. According to Odette Alcantara, founder and head of Mother Earth, they strongly oppose MMDA’s plans that focus more on finding the potential landfill sites rather than recycling and waste segregation (Personal Interview). Aside from lobbying for better legislation and its implementation, these NGOs also conduct community-based recycling and material recovery efforts. Some conduct training and seminars for community leaders and help them set up SWM systems in their areas. An NGO, Linis Ganda, organized the Federation of Multi-purpose Cooperatives, an alliance of 572 junk shops that employed over a thousand eco-aides to conduct recycling activities

Waste Flow in Metro Manila The waste flow in Metro Manila basically follows the set up as seen in Figure 6.4. From the generators, they are burned by the generators themselves, inappropriately dumped and littered, collected or recycled. Backyard burning or small-scale community burning is a traditional waste reatment method and is usually done by households within their premises. This is done by 52.8% of the households (NSO, 2003) and is permitted under the Clean Air Act (RA 8749). In the diagrams (see Figures 5.1, 5.2 & 6.4), waste from street sweepings and river clean up are collectively known as municipal services. These, basically, reenter into generation, as these are wastes recovered from those that have inappropriately dumped and littered in the streets, waterways, bodies of water and other public places.