1 CHAPTER 9 Mortgage Markets

2 CHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW This chapter will: A. Describe the characteristics of residential mortgages B. Describe the common types of residential mortgages B. Explain how mortgage-backed securities are used C. Explain how to make an amortization schedule

3 Characteristics of Residential Mortgages 1. Mortgage is a securities (debt) used to finance real estate purchases. This contract should specify a. if the mortgage is federally insured b. the amount of the loan c.fixed or adjustable interest rate d. The maturity e. Other provisions

4 Common Types of Residential Mortgages 1. Residential Mortgage Types: a. Fixed-rate b.Adjustable-rate (ARM) c. Others

5 Common Types of Residential Mortgages Fixed-Rate Mortgages 1. Locks in the borrower’s interest rate over the life of the mortgage. 2. Makes the lender exposed to interest rate risk because it commonly uses funds obtained from short-term deposits to make long-term mortgage loans. What if the market interest rate goes up or down afterwards?

6 Common Types of Residential Mortgages Adjustable-Rate Mortgages 1. Allows the mortgage interest rate to adjust to market conditions. 2. Adjustable-rate is typically lower than the fixed-rate as the lender has a lower interest rate risk. What if the market interest rate goes up or down afterwards?

7 Amortization Schedule It breaks down the monthly payments into principal and interest. Note: a. Interest payment decreases over time b. Principal repayment increases over time

8 Example of loan amortization 1 You have borrowed $8,000 from a bank and have promised to repay the loan in five equal yearly payments. The first payment is at the end of the first year. The interest rate is 10 percent. Draw up the amortization schedule for this loan. Amortization schedule is just a table that shows how each payment is split into principal repayment and interest payment.

9 Example of loan amortization 2 1) Compute periodic payment. PV=8000, N=5, I/Y=10, FV=0, PMT=? Verify that PMT = 2, Amortization for first year Interest payment = 8000 x 0.1 = 800 Principal repayment = 2, – 800 = Immediately after first payment, the principal balance is = 8000 – = 6,689.62

10 Example of loan amortization 3 Amortization for second year Interest payment = x 0.1 = (using the new balance!) Principal repayment = 2, – = Immediately after second payment, the principal balance is = 6, – = 5, Verify the entire schedule (on following slide)

11 Verify the amortization schedule Year Beg. BalancePaymentInterestPrincipal End. Balance 08, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

12 Using financial calculator to generate amortization schedule 1 Very often, amortization problems involve long periods of time, e.g., 30 year mortgage with monthly payments => 360 periods. To generate amortization schedule in such problems, it’s more efficient to use the financial calculator. Let’s reuse the last problem (Problem 7.25). First, find the monthly payment. Key in: PV=8000, N=5, I/Y=10, FV=0, PMT=? We already worked out that PMT = 2,

13 Using financial calculator to generate amortization schedule 2 Suppose we want to work out the remaining balance immediately after the 2 nd payment. 1. Press [2ND], [Amort] to activate the Amortization worksheet in BA II Plus. 2. Press P1=2, press  3. Press P2=2, press  4. You will see BAL=5,248.20

14 5. Press  again and you see the portion of the year 2 payment going towards repaying principal, i.e., PRN = -1, Press  again and you see the portion of year 2 payment going towards interest, i.e., INT = To get out of the Amortization schedule, press [2ND], Quit. Using financial calculator to generate amortization schedule 2

15 A 30-year (360-month) $100,000 mortgage at an annual interest rate of 8%. What is the amortization schedule? Check with Exhibit 9.5 on page 206. Amortization Schedule Example 2

Exhibit 9.5 Amortization Schedule for Selected Years 16

17 On Dec 31, 2005, I borrowed a 30-year $100,000 home mortgage loan at an annual interest rate of 12%. How much interest did I paid in 2009? Amortization Schedule Example 3

18 Institutional Use of Mortgage Markets Two Broad classification: institutions that a. Originate and service a mortgage Commercial banks and savings banks b. Finance a mortgage (secondary market) Fannie Mae, Ginnie Mae, and Freddie Mac

19 Mortgage Securitization Securitization 1.) the pooling and repackaging of loans into securities 2.) removes loans from the balance sheet of the bank that originally created them 3.) Future cash flows to the investors of these securities are the mortgage payment.

20 Subprime Mortgages Subprime mortgage loans are granted to borrowers who do not qualify for conventional mortgages with relatively low interest rate. Lenders charge a premium of 3 percentage points or more on subprime mortgage loans than on conventional mortgage loans , subprime mortgage financial crisis due to interest rate increase.

21 Valuation of Mortgages Factors That Affect the Risk-Free Interest Rate 1.) Inflationary Expectations 2.) Economic Growth 3.) Money Supply Growth 4.) Budget Deficit

22 Risk from Investing in Mortgages a. Interest Rate Risk Limiting Exposure to Interest Rate Risk b. Prepayment Risk Limiting Exposure to Prepayment Risk c. Credit Risk Limiting Exposure to Credit Risk

23 Mortgage-Backed Securities Mortgage Pass-Through Securities The interest and principal payments on the mortgages are sent to the financial institution, which then transfers the payments to the owners of the mortgage-backed securities after deducting fees for servicing. Thus, the mortgage issuer earn fees from servicing while avoiding exposure to interest rate risk and credit risk.

Summary Risk with mortgage Amortization schedule Mortgage pass-through securities Assignment 6: questions and applications, 4, 16 Problem: 1 24