Halaman 1 Matakuliah: J0084 / Introduction to Management and Business) Tahun: 2007 Versi: 1 / 3 Pertemuan 08 (Eighth Meeting) Managing Change and Innovation

Halaman 2 Learning Outcome Student should be able to consider environmental changes in order to eliminate the impact of change, and how to stimulate innovation -> C3

Halaman 3 Learning Outline Forces for Change Two Views of the Change Process Managing Organizational Change Contemporary Issues in Managing Change Stimulating Innovation

Halaman 4 1) Marketplace 2) Governmental laws and regulations 3) Technology 4) Labor markets 5) Economic changes 1. Forces For Change a. External Forces

Halaman 5 1) Organization’s strategy 2) Workforce 3) Equipment 4) Employee attitudes a. Internal Forces:

Halaman 6 2. Two Views of the Change Process a. The Calm Waters Metaphor b. White-Water Rapids Metaphor

Halaman 7 3. Managing Organizational Change a. What Is Organizational Change b. Types of Change 1) Changing Structure

Halaman 8 2) Changing Technology

Halaman 9 3) Changing People

Halaman 10 Organizational Development Techniques More Effective Interpersonal Work Relationship Sensitivity Training Intergroup Development Team Building Consultation Process Feedback Survey

Halaman 11 c. Managing Resistance to Change 1) Why People Resist Change a) Uncertainty b) Habit c) Concern over personal loss d) Belief that the change is not in the best organization’s interest

Halaman 12 2) Techniques for Reducing Resistance: a) Education and Communication b) Participation c) Facilitation and Support d) Negotiation e) Manipulation and Co-optation f) Selecting People Who Accept Change g) Coercion

Halaman Contemporary Issues in Managing Change a. Changing Organizational Culture 1) Understanding the Situational Factors a) A dramatic crisis occurs b) Leadership changes hands c) The organization is young and small d) The culture is weak 2) How Can Cultural Change Be Accomplished

Halaman 14 b. Handling Employee Stress 1) What Is Stress 2) Causes of Stress 3) Symptoms of Stress STRESS Personal Factors Job-Related Factors Causes of Stress 4) Reducing Stress

Halaman 15 c. Making Change Happen Successfully 1) Focusing on making the organization ready for change 2) Understanding their own role in the process 3) Increasing the role of individual employees 5. Stimulating Innovation a. Creativity Versus Innovation b. Stimulating and Nurturing Innovation

Halaman 16 STIMULATE INNOVATION Structure Variables High Commitment to Training and Development High Job Security Creative People Acceptance of Ambiguity Tolerance of the Impractical Low External Controls Tolerance of Risks Focus on Ends Open System Focus Positive Feedback Cultural Variables Human Resources Variables Organic Structure Abundant Resources High Inter Unit Communication Minimal Time Pressure Work and Non work Support Innovation Variables