 Objectives: ◦ Explain the different characteristics of type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. ◦ Show examples of the symptoms of diabetes. ◦ Guide the learners through the process of how each type is diagnosed.

 Happens in 5-10% of persons diagnosed with diabetes.  Mostly in children and adults up to 30 years of age (may occur at any age).  Requires insulin injections for survival.  Prone to Ketoacidosis (life threatening condition characterized by sweet fruity odor to the breath, dehydration, and coma).

 Partly genetic  Autoimmune process where body thinks the Beta cells in the pancreas (where insulin is produced) is the enemy and they self- destruct  Viral infection may be the trigger for the process to begin

 Frequent urination (polyurea)  Excessive Thirst (polydipsia)  Excessive hunger (polyphasia)  Rapid weight loss

 Happens in % of persons diagnosed with diabetes  Mostly in adults after 30 years of age (may occur at any age)  Can go undetected for years  Not prone to Ketoacidosis (see section on Ketoacidosis)  Signs and Symptoms often not present  Is a progressive disease

 Strong genetic link  Insulin resistance (more than enough insulin production; however, the insulin does not work properly at the cell wall)  Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and/or lack of exercise  Not enough insulin production

 Fatigue  Blurred vision  Frequent yeast infections  Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst

 Most often diagnosed between weeks of pregnancy in 4% of pregnant women. If left untreated can result in very large baby (over 9 lbs.), infant low blood sugar at birth, and still births. Chronic maternal high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased rate of cesarean deliveries may also occur. Blood glucose/sugar levels return to normal after delivery in 90% of cases.

 Hormones produced by the placenta induce an environment of stress producing an insulin resistant state in the mother (see insulin resistance under Type 2 Diabetes).

 Step 1: ◦ Drinking a 50-gram oral glucose solution followed by a 1-hour blood glucose test. ◦ If result is equal to or greater than 140 mg/dl, further testing required.  Step 2: ◦ drinking 100-gram oral glucose solution after an 8 hour fast ◦ blood sugar test at 1, 2, and 3 hours after ◦ positive diagnosis requires that any two of the four glucose values obtained during the test meet or exceed the following values: - Fasting mg/dl - 1-hour mg/dl - 2-hour mg/dl - 3-hour mg/dl

Type of DiabetesCharacteristicsSigns/SymptomsCauses Type 1 (Juvenile)Happens in 5-10% of persons diagnosed with diabetes. Mostly in children and adults up to 30 years of age (may occur at any age). Requires insulin injections for survival. Prone to Ketoacidosis (life threatening condition characterized by sweet fruity odor to the breath, dehydration, and coma). Frequent urination (polyurea) Excessive Thirst (polydipsia) Excessive hunger (polyphasia) Rapid weight loss Partly genetic Autoimmune process where body thinks the Beta cells in the pancreas is the enemy and they self- destruct. Viral infection may be the trigger for the process to begin Type 2Happens in % of persons diagnosed with diabetes Mostly in adults after 30 years of age (may occur at any age) Can go undetected for years Not prone to Ketoacidosis (see section on Ketoacidosis) Signs and Symptoms often not present Is a progressive disease Fatigue Blurred vision Frequent yeast infections Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst Strong genetic link Insulin resistance is caused by obesity and lack of exercise Not enough insulin production GestationalMost often diagnosed between weeks of pregnancy in 4% of pregnant women. If left untreated can result in very large baby (over 9 lbs.), infant low blood sugar at birth, and still births. Chronic maternal high blood pressure (hypertension) and an increased rate of cesarean deliveries may also occur. Blood glucose/sugar levels return to normal after delivery in 90% of cases. Fatigue Blurred vision Frequent yeast infections Occasionally frequent urination and excessive thirst Hormones produced by the placenta induce an environment of stress producing an insulin resistant state in the mother

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