Acute Demand ……an overview May 2011

Better, sooner, more convenient 2 Davis,P. (2010) Quality or Quantity? Markets or Management? University of Auckland NZ Public Hospital Performance2 Hospital beds & discharges (1988 – 2001) Day-stay Inpatient Day stay Inpatient

Better, sooner, more convenient 3 Total Hospital Discharges per 1,000 Population (2007) * 2006 Source: OECD Health Data 2009 (June 2009).

Better, sooner, more convenient 4 Increase in Life Expectancy at Birth (1986–2006) * 1985–2005 Source: OECD Health Data 2008, “June 2008.”

Better, sooner, more convenient 5 Philosophy of Kaiser Permanente: “Unplanned hospital admissions are a sign of system failure” Ham, C. (2006), Developing Integrated Care in the NHS: adapting lessons from Kaiser, Health Services Management Centre, Birmingham University

Better, sooner, more convenient 6 Acute demand – what does it look like? ED Some increase: but national ED data prior to 2009/10 not robust Acute inpatient (excludes short stay admissions <24 hours, electives, and mental health admissions) : increase from 323,000 to 371,000 pa - 2/3 in Auckland. A 15% increase, but only 2.4% greater than the increase in population.

Better, sooner, more convenient 7 What is driving it…... conditions? 21% increase in acute medical discharges (2000 – 2009) The top 8 conditions accounted for 24% of acute inpatient discharges in 2009 Diagnosis Related GroupingsDischarges % of Total Chest Pain 13,2363.6% Oesophagitis Gastroent & Misc Digestive System 12,9803.5% Respiratory Infections/Inflammations 12,8383.5% Cellulitis 10,9953.0% Neonate Admission 10,3382.8% Circulatory Disorders 9,3852.5% Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease 9,3622.5% Abdominal Pain or Mesenteric Adenitis 9,1552.5%

Better, sooner, more convenient 8 OECD Health Care Quality Indicators Database 2009

Better, sooner, more convenient 9 The people perspective NZ Health Survey 1996/97, 2002/03, 2006/07

Better, sooner, more convenient 10 Frequent ED attendees 600k unique individuals with an average of 1.5 visits to ED per year About 75% of patients visited only once 1.5 % visited >6 times One person visited 145 times

Better, sooner, more convenient 11

Better, sooner, more convenient 12 Acute inpatient discharges……..the main demographic drivers Age (total population) Ethnicity.. 25% growth for Maori % growth for Pacific % growth for people

Better, sooner, more convenient 13 Conditions vary by ethnicity

Better, sooner, more convenient 14 and by DHB……….

Better, sooner, more convenient 15

Better, sooner, more convenient 16 Change in inpatient discharge rates ( 2000 – 2009)

Better, sooner, more convenient 17 ED admissions & discharges ED attendees & admission: strong association with age – the elderly weaker association with ethnicity and deprivation ED attendees not admitted: people from deprivation quintile 4&5 = 40% of the population yet 55% of non- admitted patients DHB factors are significant smaller DHBs have a higher proportion of ED attendees not admitted

Better, sooner, more convenient 18 Relationships There’s no statistical relationship between acute discharge rates and the number of GPs or GP/nurse consultation rates Preliminary analysis shows no relationship with the number of VLCA practices There’s a statistically significant inverse relationship between: size of the DHB population and rates of ED attenders who are “not admitted” GP/nurse consultation rates and rates of ED attenders who are “not admitted” (if West Coast and Wairarapa DHBs are excluded)

Better, sooner, more convenient 19 GPs & Acute Hospital Discharge Rates High acute discharge rates Low GP FTE per 100,000High GP FTE per 100,000 DHB Acute ASR GP FTE Wairarapa Tairawhiti Counties Manukau Lakes Waitemata Hawkes Bay Bay of Plenty Auckland Hutt Valley Whanganui South Canterbury Low acute discharge rates Waikato Southland Taranaki Northland MidCentral Canterbury West Coast Capital & Coast Nelson Marlborough Otago Acute inpatient discharge rate, age standardised. (2009) Medical Council Workforce Survey (2009)

Better, sooner, more convenient 20 Relationship between GPs & Acute Hospital Discharge Rates High acute discharge rates Low GP FTE per 100,000High GP FTE per 100,000 DHB Acute ASR GP FTE Wairarapa Tairawhiti Counties Manukau Lakes Waitemata Hawkes Bay Bay of Plenty Auckland Hutt Valley Whanganui South Canterbury Low acute discharge rates Waikato Southland Taranaki Northland MidCentral Canterbury West Coast Capital & Coast Nelson Marlborough Otago Acute inpatient discharge rate, age standardised. (2009) Medical Council Workforce Survey (2009)

Better, sooner, more convenient 21 The system

Better, sooner, more convenient 22 Community services EDInpatientCommunity Primary Care (distribution & availability – inc after hours) Changing GP practice Poor access to diagnostics and specialist opinions Changing referral patterns (variability++) variable attachment with general practice Financial barriers Changing use of ambulances Fragmentation of services Improved ED services & facilities Changing (& variable) admission thresholds Inpatient bed availability Repeat attendees Local behaviours Bed availability Advances in medical technology Discharge planning Family & community support Relationship with primary care Primary care capability & capacity Aged residential care capability & capacity Patients – changing: demographics – two broad segments – young adult & elderly morbidity – more chronic illness expectations – more “consumerism” + a “medicalised” population more self-referral, but people confused about where to go

Better, sooner, more convenient 23 Through a consumer’s eyes……..

Better, sooner, more convenient 24

Better, sooner, more convenient 25 Growth - reducing the national growth will require a focus on metropolitan Auckland, the elderly, Maori and Pacific populations Variation between DHBs = an improvement opportunity. Reducing this requires good comparative data clinical engagement an understanding of local initiatives/patterns of behaviour/admission thresholds capability & capacity – particularly in community settings ……and what about variation within DHBs? Do we have a problem?

Better, sooner, more convenient 26 Mapping Causes of Variation The Kings Fund (2011)

Better, sooner, more convenient 27 Useful resources Basu A, Brinson D (2008) The Effectiveness of Interventions for Reducing Ambulatory Sensitive Hospitalisations: A Systematic Review. HSAC Report Blunt I, Bardsley M, Dixon J (2010) Trends in Emergency Admissions in England 2004 – Nuffield Trust Blunt I, Bardsley M, Dixon J (2010) Trends in Emergency Admissions in England 2004 – 2009: is greater efficiency breeding inefficiency?. Nuffield Trust Booz, Allen, Hamilton (2007) Key Drivers of Demand in the Emergency Department. NSW Department of Health Curry N, Ham C (2010) Clinical and Service Integration, the route to improved outcomes. The Kings Fund Ham C, Imison C, Jennings M (2010) Avoiding hospital admissions, lessons from evidence and experience. The Kings Fund NZHTA Report 8 (1998) Emergency Department Attendance a critical appraisal of the key literature. New Zealand Health Technology Assessment, University of Otago Purdy S (2010) Avoiding Hospital Admissions, what does the research evidence say? The Kings Fund Appleby J, Raleigh V, Frosini F, Bevan G, Gao H, Lyscom T (2011) Variations in Health Care, the good, the bad and the inexplicable. The Kings Fund

Better, sooner, more convenient 28 Appendix

Better, sooner, more convenient 29 Age Standardised Rates* DHB of Domicile Acute Inpatient Discharges 2009 ED 2009/10 Change in rates of Inpatient Discharges Northland 866 2,454-10% Waitemata 1,049 2,241+27% Auckland 1,052 2,027+15% Counties Manukau 1,102 2,056+15% Waikato 882 2,527+1% Lakes 1,153 4,493+8% Bay of Plenty 1,012 3,441+5% Tairawhiti 1,201 3,971+28% Taranaki 823 4,365-5% Hawkes Bay 1,061 2,494-6% Whanganui 958 3,264+7%

Better, sooner, more convenient 30 Age Standardised Rates* DHB of Domicile Acute In Patient Discharges 2009 ED 2009/10 Change in rates of Inpatient Discharges MidCentral 803 2,302+18% Hutt Valley 1,009 3,221+3% Capital and Coast 778 1,738+3% Wairarapa 1,184 5,483+3% Nelson Marlborough 722 2,611+20% West Coast 724 4,675-13% Canterbury 803 2,080-2% South Canterbury 971 2,930+3% Otago 752 2,187+31% Southland 939 4,316+8% National 945 3,089+7%