Territoriality: Costs and conditions The decision to take and/or keep a resource is a function of: Cost is in resource defense Personal damage and energy.

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Territoriality: Costs and conditions The decision to take and/or keep a resource is a function of: Cost is in resource defense Personal damage and energy loss Less time spent in predator vigilance Lost foraging time Benefits: Consistently more and better food Less effort to maintain a territory then to acquire one. Yarrows Spiny Lizard: Territoriality is seasonal Controlled by hormone levels

Yarrows Spiny Lizard: Elevated Testosterone increases: General activity levels Defensive posturing

Yarrows Spiny Lizard: Elevated Testosterone in non territorial seasons decreased: Feeding time/effectiveness Lifespan due to starvation Controls suffered too Feeding treated animals corrected for effects

Territoriality benefit: More food

Territoriality benefit: More food = Healthier males Able to leave wintering grounds sooner Establish ownership of resources at mating grounds sooner

Territoriality: Costs vs benefit: Conditional strategies: Male golden winged sunbirds will defend flower patches but only if there is a net caloric gain in doing so.

Costs per/hour: Foraging = 1000 calories Resting = 400 calories Defense =2000 calories Territoriality: When to defend

The adaptive value of allowing satellites in your territory Pied wagtails are conditionally territorial and on occasion will defend rich territories in owner-satellite teams.

King of the hill: Why its easier to own than to acquire

King of the hill: the Speckled wood butterfly Owner always wins territorial conflicts because owning the territory has imparted an advantage: payoff asymetry The value of ownership in this case is that sunning spots increases muscle tempurature which enhances flight capability manuravibility.

King of the hill: The more time on top the stronger Tarantula hawk wasp owners win territorial conflicts but conflict duration increases as a function of time away