The History of Pavement Noise and New Directions in Arizona

Noise Issues Are Not New  8000 BC Worlds First Major Town-Jericho  5000 BCWheel Invented  4000 BCMesopotamia  800 BCIron Tires Introduced  44 BCFirst Noise Regulation  1869 London Report  1870sUse of Wood Blocks  1888Pneumatic Tire Invented

Roman Wagon Circa 100AD

Noise Issues Are Not New

1897 Survey of 122 Cities with Paved Streets and Pop. > 10,000 Paving TypePaved Length (km) Asphalt230 Granite Setts1,920 Wood Block1,220 Brick Block1,160 Rock (Macadam?)910 Total5,440

Additional Surface Types Hot Mix Sheet Asphalt Tire Engine 6,000 Yrs100 Yrs

What is Noise, How is it Controlled, and How Does it Affect Our Lives

Doubling Traffic adds 3dBA

How Is It Controlled  At the Source –Vehicle & Tire Emissions  Through Distance –3 dBA Reduction for Each Doubling of Distance –25ft=70dBA, 50ft=67dBA, 100 ft=64  Through Obstructions –Berms, Walls, And Combination of both

Controlled At the Source

Controlled Through Obstructions 1 dBA for each 2 ft of Wall Above

Ways of Measuring Sound Wayside (Far Field) Close Proximity (Near Field) Noise Intensity (Near Field)

ADOT ISO CPX Trailer 1995 Spg 2000 Spg 2001 Spg 2002 Spg

Noise Intensity

The Arizona Noise Thing

ADOT Uses ARFC to Provide Quiet Pavements  ADOT is Spending $34M to Overlay PCCP in the Phoenix Metropolitan  The ARFC is Minus 9.5mm & 9-9.5% Binder  12.5 mm Thick When Used on Flexible Pavement  25 mm Thick When Used on PCCP  ADOT Uses Pavement Type (ARFC) as a Noise Mitigation Strategy (4 dBA)

How Did We Get Here? The Technical Journey Begins!

OGFC GradationOGFC Gradation

The Technical Journey?  Development of Improved OGFC for Use in Snow Country (1970s-80s)  Improved OGFC Used to Resist Reflective Cracking (1980s-90s)  Improved OGFC Used as PCCP Overlay (1980s-2000s)  Benefit For Smoothness (1990s)  Benefit for Noise (1990s-2000s)

The Social Journey Begins  1990 Industry Study  1995 ADOT initiates first formal research  2002 ISO Noise Trailer Constructed  2002 Collaborative Research with Caltran’s & NCAT  2002 Network Level Evaluation of ARFC  2002 PCCP Surface Texture Experiments  2002 ADOT Elects to Use ARFC for Noise  2003 ADOT’s Quiet Pavement Pilot Program

Population Growth of Arizona The Social Journey Continues

The March to the Arizona Quiet Pavement Pilot Program

(1) Network Level Evaluation of ARFC Surfaces

(2) Evaluation of PCCP Tining Methods Longitudinal Uniform Transverse Random Transverse

(3) Comparison of Different Mixes Wearing Course Surface Type CPX Noise Level (dBA) SMA95.9 AR-ACFC95.0 PEM96.0

Quiet Pavement Pilot Program

Lessons Learned To Date  Comparison of Various Surface Types  Comparison of Measurement Systems  Environmental Effects  We Have Only Just Begun the JOURNEY!

Noise Levels By Surface Type 104.9Random Transverse (Wisconsin) 102.5Uniform Transverse (ADOT-3/4”) 99.1Longitudinal (ADOT-3/4”) 95.5Whisper Grind 91.8ARFC

Mix Design Procedures

Laboratory Tests  Impedance Tube (Mobile)  Complex Modulus Test-Loss Function  Permeability/Infiltration  Air Flow

In Summary  Surface Type Does Matter-Noise Should be Controlled at the Source  Noise Should be Managed Just Like Friction, Roughness, Rutting, and Cracking  People Do Care How They Live- It’s a Quality of Life Issue!!!

Thank You 6,000 Yrs Tire 100 Yrs Engine Future Tire/Pavement