1 Systems Engineering Part 2 Product Architectures

2 What is Product Architecture? Three related parts –The definition and the arrangement of functional elements –The mapping of these elements to physical components –The specification of interfaces among interacting physical components

3 Some System Engineer Roles... Formulate and structure the System Architectural Structure create a schematic of the product reflects the teams best understanding of the product’s functionality cluster the elements of the schematic reflect geometric integration, function sharing, vendor expertise considerations, localization of change accommodate variety, enable standardization, portability of interfaces (laser light, electrical vs mechanical) create a rough geometric layout identify the fundamental and incidental interactions between clusters define secondary sub-systems

4 Define subsystems from clusters Subsystem Architecture repeat above at the subsystem level Optimizing design across sub-system interfaces consider migration of components Trade Studies Alternative technologies Create detailed Specifications Planned Evolutionary Changes including Technology transparency Establishing Error Budgets, weight budgets, power budgets, etc.

5 A Function Structure for a Trailer What other functions are possible?

6 Functional Elements Components Modular Architecture

7 Types of Modular Architectures Slot –each component has a different coupling so cannot be interchanged (instrument panel of some airplanes, some parts of back plane of computers) Bus –Common element which all components can connect to (track lighting, Ethernet, ) Sectional –All interfaces are the same type (set of blocks)

8 ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a modular architecture

9 Interfaces

10 Integral Architecture

11 Examples of Integral Architecture Fully custom VLSI chip One piece “monkey suit’ One room studio apartment? All in one printer/fax/scanner? Other?

12 What are the advantages and disadvantages of a integral architecture?

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15 Product Evolution Upgrade Add-ons Adaptation Wear Consumption Flexibility Maintainability Feature bundling Well-designed product architectures accommodate these life cycle changes

16 Product Families Spin out a variety of products from a common set of modules Reuse extensively Fast turn-around experiments to test market acceptance of features and to satisfy different segments Change Technology platforms infrequently

17 Trailer Example Different load strength trailer beds (modularized) normal or heavy duty environmental protection? Three sets of suspension springs Air drag streamlining or standard

18 Electronic Example Consider Digital Design Alternatives –Breadboard SSI –Microprocessor/Microcomputer –Full Custom (Transistor by transistor) –Standard Macrocell –Gate Array –Field Programmable Logic Array

19 performance Modularity/Speed to market Comparing Design Styles Microprocessor Breadboard SSI Full Custom Standard Macrocell Gate Array FPLA

20 Modular/Integral Which is preferred? FeatureMI Performance Time to Market Cost Upgrade Competitive defense Developing World

21 How to achieve product variety

22 Developing World Architectures Given conditions in Guatemala is there a bias for any particular architectural style? ConditionDrives style