Center for Air Quality Studies SmartWay ℠ Applications for Cross-Border Drayage Trucks By Monica Beard-Raymond, Carlos Duran, Joe Zietsman, Reza Farzaneh, Doh-Won Lee, Tara Ramani Acknowledgements Ed Moderow and Ross Pumfrey of TCEQ Eduardo Calvo of TxDOT Manuel Sotelo of Fletes Sotelo Hector Mendoza of STIL 1

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Cross-Border Drayage Operation (1) U.S.-Mexico trade: over $350 billion in 2008 Majority by freight transport (truck and rail) 90% of truck traffic at border: drayage Cross-border drayage trucks Typically older and less well maintained Operating daily across the border A significant source of emissions in the region 2 In-Land Mexico Drayage Company In-Land USA Drayage Company Long Haul Drayage (Short Haul)

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Cross-Border Drayage Operation (2) Approximately 200 miles per day No overnight idling Border crossing by drayage trucks: Long delays at the border Stop-and-go driving conditions 3

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Cross-Border Drayage Operation (3) El Paso commercial ports of entries (POEs) Bridge of the Americas (BOTA); and Ysleta-Zaragoza Bridge Idling and creep-idling: close to 70% of NB drayage activity – 20 minutes 4

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES EPA’s SmartWay Program SmartWay ℠ An innovative brand that represents environmentally cleaner, more fuel efficient transportation options Identifies products and services that reduce transportation-related emissions SmartWay ℠ Transport Partnership A collaboration between EPA and the freight sector Goal: improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions through the use of technologies and best practices. SmartWay strategies: primarily for long-haul trucking 5

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES SmartWay Strategies (1) Engine, tire and truck modifications low rolling resistance tires, auto- tire inflation, aerodynamic improvements, low-viscosity lubricants, lighter tractors and trailers, and SmartWay certified trailers Idle reduction technologies bunker heaters, auxiliary power units (APUs), automatic shut down and start up systems, and electrified parking spaces. 6

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES SmartWay Strategies (2) Diesel retrofit and advanced technologies hybrid power-train technology, DOC, DPF, SCR, and engine and truck replacement Cleaner fuels Biodiesel and CNG Operational strategies speed reduction, driver education, and improved freight logistics 7

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Approach Identify SmartWay technologies Workshops with drayage companies Shortlist technologies Develop testing plan Implement testing plan 8

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Testing Approach On-road emissions measurement PEMS equipment CO2, CO, THC, NOx, and PM Pre-determined test drive cycles 5 test vehicles 3 SmartWay strategies Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) Light trailer (2000 lbs. lighter) Driver training (eco driving) VSP-based analysis 9

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES VSP-Based Analysis EPA MOVES: Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) For a specific vehicle VSP = F (speed, acceleration) Emissions = G (VSP, speed) Data collection Covering combinations of speeds and acceleration rates Data Analysis Applying emissions rates to drive schedules 10

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Methodology 11 Vehicle Selection Test Drive Cycles On-Road Testing Sec-by-sec Emissions For Each Modal Bin Actual Drive Schedules Total Emissions

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Drive Schedules for Emissions Testing 12

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Cross-Border Drive Schedules 13

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Test Vehicles 14 Selected based on the observed distribution of the drayage trucks from 270 observations

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Test Equipment 15 SEMTECH-DSAxion

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Test Load Single loaded trailer for all tests Normal load 20,000 lbs Light Trailer 18,000 lbs 16

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Results: Operating Mode Bins 17

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Results Average Total Emissions 18

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Results Average Total Emissions 19

CENTER FOR AIR QUALITY STUDIES Findings and Conclusions Not all the SmartWay strategies are suitable VSP-based analysis provides flexibility Fuel consumption was marginally affected by all strategies but eco-driving shows promise DOC Significant CO and THC reductions and modest PM reductions Lightweight trailer Modest CO, THC, and PM reductions No impact on NOx. Eco driving NOx and fuel consumption benefits 20