The Organelles: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Text and image sources are included using the notes function of the.ppt file.

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Presentation transcript:

The Organelles: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Text and image sources are included using the notes function of the.ppt file

Endosymbiotic origins Unique unions reshaped the tree of life

Architectural Clues Cyanobacterium Chloroplast

A taste for the good life? Paramecium bursaria Mayorella viridis Prorodon viridis The promiscous green alga, Chlorella

Cyanophora paradoxa Trying commitment...

Reduced genomes remain Chloroplast genomes Kb encode about 80 proteins Mitochondrial genomes 16-17Kb encode about 20 proteins Chloroplast genomic reduction is still occurring in higher plants

Relationships aren’t easy!

Protein Import

Mitochondrial Features Mitochondria are typically 0.5-5um in diameter

A new slant on EM imaging

Biochemistry

Molecular Architecture

Mitochondrial dynamics and biochemical diversity JC-1 stain Time-lapse 5 sec/frame; several minutes total Video

Going with the flow Example from a hypha of the fungus Phycomyces Video

Mitochondria revealed!

Rapid fission and fusion In a Xenopus tissue culture cell In yeast Video

Dynamin in mitochondrial division Yeast (wt) COS cells Dynamin- related protein::GFP Dynamin inhibition (B,D) results in the formation of reticulate networks Yeast COS cells

Organelles and their genomes are inherited maternally And so are mutations encoded in the mitochondrial genome

Apoptosis Cytochrome C::GFP is lost from mitochondria to the cytosol Video

Plant cell Chloroplasts are typically 1-10um in diameter

Chloroplast ultrastructure Double envelope Thylakoids and stacked grana Stroma Mitochondria Nucleus Starch grain

Grana Freeze fracture of granal face Freeze etch of granal section Photosystem II particles stack grana

Stromal tubule activity Video

FtsZ in chloroplast division wt ftz

Local chloroplast orientation to light in the green alga Mougeotia depends upon microfilaments and calcium Chloroplast movement Actin microfilament / myosin driven cytoplasmic streaming circulates plastids in many plant cells Video

Other types of plastids

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