Chemical Pathways Chapter 9-1 CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Pathways Chapter 9-1 http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ in a process called ___________________ broken down energy ATP CELLULAR RESPIRATION What kind of organisms do this?

CYTOPLASM Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ CYTOPLASM mitochondria http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria DOUBLE CRISTAE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX

All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to  Image from: http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) use the _____________ to charge up their _______ energy in food ATP

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 C6H12O6 ___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________ 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 6 CO2 _____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ 6O2 6 H2O The two equations are exact opposites!

Remember from Photosynthesis? High energy electron carrier = ___________ Cellular respiration uses some different carriers to transport high energy electrons. _______ & ________ NADP+ NAD+ FAD ________ + _________ → ____________ 2 e- + H+ NAD+ ________ + _________ → ____________ FAD 2 e- + 2H+

The first step in cellular respiration = __________________ Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria GLYCOLYSIS CYTOPLASM See glycolysis movie

Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) BUT it needs some ____________to get it started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? sweet split apart DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN ENERGY ATP

____________________ + _______________ GLYCOLYSIS ________ ↓ ___________ → → _____________ ____________________ + _______________ GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVIC ACID ATP ATP ATP ATP NADH NADH 4 ATP’s 2 ATP’s PUT IN ________ and GET BACK __________ Net gain of ________ and __________ 2 ATP’s 2 NADH

PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = ANAEROBIC = AEROBIC

PYRUVIC ACID ___________ OXYGEN WITHOUT 2 kinds of fermentation ___________________ & _____________________ WITHOUT ANAEROBIC Alcoholic Lactic acid

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise CO2 bubbles make _____________ in bread Alcohol _______________ during cooking air spaces evaporates http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ muscles Happens in _____________ during ____________when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness exercise http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

→ → FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ PYRUVIC ACID _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ CO2 NAD+ ALCOHOL → NAD+ LACTIC ACID ______ → You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going REGENERATE the NAD+

REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. OXYGEN

Flowchart Cellular Respiration Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present.

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing KREBS CYCLE _______________ follows glycolysis if oxygen is present

outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in _____________ REMEMBER: Glycolysis happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria. Krebs cycle happens in _____________ inside the mitochondria CYTOPLASM MATRIX

KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE PRODUCES ____ 3 1 1 4

WHERE DOES IT GO? → 6 carbons in original glucose are lost as ________________ to atmosphere Carbon dioxide

WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ____________________ energy ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain.

WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? ET Glycolysis KREBS Enzymes for ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN are located in the ___________________________ Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN CRISTAE MATRIX Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Electron Transport Chain: Electron Transport Chain Animation-(select start, continue, and #1) High-energy _____________ from __________ and __________ are passed along the electron transport chain. Energy from passing electrons is used to transport _____________________ across the membrane. electrons NADH FADH2 Hydrogen ions (H+)

Electron Transport Chain: The pumping of H+ ions into the _______________________ represents potential energy that is harnessed to make ATP. As H+ ions escape through ion channels back into the matrix, ________________ spins and adds a phosphate to ADP to form _______ INTERMEMBRANE SPACE ATP SYNTHASE ATP

Electron Transport Chain: OXYGEN ________________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. At the end of the electron transport chain, an enzyme combines the electrons with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form ______________ water (H2O)

SO: NADH → _____ FADH2 → _____ 3 ATP’s 2 ATP’s

WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Pyruvic acid Glucose Glycolysis Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Electron Transport Chain Glucose Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: ______________________ _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

GLYCOLYSIS Happens in ______________ Breaks down ____________ into ________________ Produces _______ __________ CYTOPLASM outside mitochondria 1 glucose 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) 2 2

KREBS CYCLE happens in ________________ Breaks down _________________ Produces: ____ ____ ____ ____ MATRIX inside mitochondria 2 pyruvic acid 2 6 8 2

ELECTRON TRANSPORT Enzymes found in _____________ Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions donated by _______ and _______ Makes ___________ ________ acts a final electron acceptor to produce ________ cristae inner membrane of mitochondria NADH FADH2 32 (net) ATP OXYGEN H2O

Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing

CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 1 glucose → ________________ 36 ATP 2 ATP