CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION NOTES 1

A. CELL THEORY 1) All living things are made of one or more cells. 2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3) Living cells come only from other living cells. 2

B) Two Types of Cells: 1) EUKARYOTIC CELLS: 2) PROKARYOTIC CELLS: These cells have a nucleus. Nucleus is a membrane covered organelle that holds the DNA. Examples are plant and animal cells. 2) PROKARYOTIC CELLS: These cells DO NOT have a nucleus. DNA exists in loops that floats freely in the cell. An example is bacteria 3

Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell 4

C) COMPARING TWO EUKARYOTIC CELLS: ANIMAL CELL VS. PLANT CELL No Cell wall Cell wall Small Vacuoles Large Vacuoles Large No Chloroplasts Chloroplasts 5

D) SOME CELL TERMS & STRUCTURES: 1) ORGANELLES: tiny organs in the cell. 2) CYTOPLASM: fluid filling inside the cell membrane. makes up the majority of cell’s mass. 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell membrane Vacuole Golgi Body Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleolus Mitochondrion Lysosome 7

controls movement of materials into and out of the cell 3) CELL MEMBRANE controls movement of materials into and out of the cell holds cell together Animal Cell Cell membrane 8

Cell membrane made of special lipids called “phospholipids” Animal Cell 9

One phospholipid molecule. 10

A model of a section of phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane. 11

Cell membrane Animal Cell 12

4) CYTOSKELETON 5) CELL WALL found in animal cells. it is a protein “framework” inside the cell that gives the cells their shape. 5) CELL WALL found in plant cells not animal cells provides strength and support for plant cells. made of cellulose (long chains of sugar molecules) 13

Cell wall Plant Cell Cell membrane 14

E) ORGANELLES OF CELLS: 1) Nucleus: the control center of the cell stores DNA (a) nucleolus - dark spot inside the nucleus, which makes ribosomes. 15

(c) DNA - stores information for making proteins (b) nuclear membrane - controls movement of materials in and out of nucleus. (c) DNA - stores information for making proteins 16

Animal Cell Nucleus DNA Nucleolus Nuclear membrane 17

2) RIBOSOME tiny grain like particles usually found along the E.R. proteins are made here Ribosome Proteins Amino acids 18

Close as you get to a real picture of a Ribosome Close as you get to a real picture of a Ribosome. It is made of RNA and protein. 19

3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): makes lipids the delivery system of the cell for compounds such as proteins through its tubular connections. 20

Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Animal Cell 21

Mitochondria 4) Mitochondria: the “Power House” of the cell Outer membrane Inner membrane 4) Mitochondria: the “Power House” of the cell releases energy packets of ATP for use in the cell. 22

Mitochondria A real picture of a mitochondrion. Spelling of word ending is –ion for singular and –ia for plural 23

More mitochondria Mitochondria 24

Chloroplast 5) Chloroplast: “Solar Panels” for capturing energy Outer membrane Inner membrane 5) Chloroplast: “Solar Panels” for capturing energy they use energy from sunlight to make food in plant cells (i.e. glucose). 25

Real picture of Chloroplasts 26

More pictures of real Chloroplasts The green round structures are chloroplasts 27

Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell Mitochondria Cell membrane 28

Animal Cell Plant Cell Vacuole 6) Vacuole: “Storage Tanks” of the cell store water, food and waste. 29

Golgi complex 7) Golgi body: Animal Cell 7) Golgi body: packages and transports materials out of the cell. 30

Lysosome 8) Lysosome: “Clean-up and Recycling Crew” Vesicle with food Animal Cell Lysosome 8) Lysosome: “Clean-up and Recycling Crew” digest food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders. 31

More pictures of Lysosomes 32

Summary of organelles and their functions 33

Pictures of different cells Pictures of different cells. These are cells from inside the cheek of your mouth. 34

White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells 35

This is a Plant Cell found in many fish aquariums 36

A Neuron is a nerve cell that is part of our nervous system. 37

This shows different types of muscle cells which make up muscle fiber. 38