Chapter 4, Section 3 6th Grade Text LOOKING INSIDE CELLS Chapter 4, Section 3 6th Grade Text

TYPE OF CELLS PROKARYOTES – Cells that have a cell wall and cell membrane but lack an organized nucleus. Example is bacteria cell.

TYPE OF CELLS EUKARYOTES – Cells that contain a defined nucleus and a variety of organelles. Examples are animal cells and plant cells.

ANIMAL CELLS Animal cells (and plant and bacteria cells) contain within them tiny cell structures call organelles that carry out specific functions within the cell. Examples of organelles are ribosomes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

organelles is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.

CELL MEMBRANE For animal cells, the cell membrane forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment. Its structure is essentially a double layer of fat with embedded proteins. Its main function is to control what substances come into and out of the cell.

CELL MEMBRANE

Draw the Nucleus and label it!

NUCLEUS The nucleus is a large oval structure that acts as the “brain” of the cell, controlling all of the cell’s activities. It is made up of the nuclear membrane, chromatin and nucleolus.

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE The nuclear membrane, like the cell membrane, is essentially a double layer of fat. It’s function is to protect the nucleus, and to allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus through small openings (pores) in the membrane.

chromatin Contains in the nucleus consisting of long strands of DNA (nucleic acid). When the cell is in resting stage, the chromatin is relaxed and when the cell is going to divide, chromatin condenses and forms what is known as “chromosome”during cell division

CHROMOSOMES The nucleus contains thin strands of genetic material called chromatin. When the cell begins to divide, the chromatin strands coil and condense to form structures called chromosomes.

NUCLEOLUS a non-membrane bound structure found inside the nucleus. Function made ribosomes.

CYTOPLASM Is a thick, clear, gel-like fluid found between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Most cell activities take place in the cytoplasm Is where the Cell organelles are found “floating” in the cytoplasm.

MITOCHONDRIA rod-shaped organelles called the “power-houses” produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions. Muscle cells and other very active cells have large numbers (1000s) of mitochondria. Less active cells might have only one mitochondria. Several characteristics make mitochondria unique. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria.[6][7] The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner membrane, and the cristae and matrix.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Is a maze of passageways Function carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another. Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[2] However, the ribosomes bound to the RER at any one time are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as ribosomes are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins

Smooth ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Is smooth… no presence of ribosomes. is involved in lipid synthesis and steroid synthesis. It is also involved in drug detoxification. Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[2] However, the ribosomes bound to the RER at any one time are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as ribosomes are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins

Rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM surface of the membrane of RER is studded with ribosomes (another type of organelle) function of RER is the synthesis and manufacture of proteins. Rough endoplasmic reticula synthesize proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticula synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, drug detoxification, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins. The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[2] However, the ribosomes bound to the RER at any one time are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as ribosomes are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the ER once it begins to synthesize a protein The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins

RIBOSOMES Ribosomes are small, grain-like bodies either attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free floating in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are factories that produce proteins. These proteins are passed to the ER, then transported to the Golgi Bodies. Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. One of the central tenets of biology, often referred to as the "central dogma," is that DNA is used to make RNA, which, in turn, is used to make protein. The DNA sequence in genes is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes then read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins. This process is known as translation; i.e., the ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins. Ribosomes do this by binding to an mRNA and using it as a template for the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. The amino acids are attached to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA sequence. The attached amino acids are then joined together by another part of the ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, "reading" its sequence and producing a chain of amino acids.

RIBOSOMES Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. One of the central tenets of biology, often referred to as the "central dogma," is that DNA is used to make RNA, which, in turn, is used to make protein. The DNA sequence in genes is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes then read the information in this RNA and use it to create proteins. This process is known as translation; i.e., the ribosome "translates" the genetic information from RNA into proteins. Ribosomes do this by binding to an mRNA and using it as a template for the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. The amino acids are attached to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA sequence. The attached amino acids are then joined together by another part of the ribosome. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, "reading" its sequence and producing a chain of amino acids.

GOLGI BODIES structures that look like a flattened collection of sacs and tubes that serve as the cells “mail-room”. Function: receive proteins from the ER, package them, and deliver them either to other parts of the cells, or release them outside the cell. Due to its fairly large size, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. The apparatus was discovered in 1897 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system.[2] After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure the internal reticular apparatus. The structure was then renamed after Golgi not long after the announcement of his discovery in 1898. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.[11] In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell.

GOLGI BODIES

LYSOSOMES small, round, membrane enclosed. Functions: break down food particles and old cell parts. Then the substances released can be recycled and used to build new parts.

VACUOLES membrane-bound organelles Functions: store water, food, and other materials needed by the cells but they can also contain waste products. Vacuoles are more prominent in plant cells, and typically occupy more than 30% (and up to 80%) of a plant cell’s volume. The function and importance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include: Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH Containing small molecules Exporting unwanted substances from the cell Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[4]

LYSOSOMES & VACUOLES

Cells organelles song Mr. W cells song with all the animal cell organelles

PLANT CELLS

PLANT CELLS

CELL WALL The cell wall is a rigid layer of non-living material that surrounds the cells of plants. It is made of a tough, flexible material called cellulose (Wood contains lots of cellulose.) The cell wall functions to protect and support the cell.

CHLOROPLASTS Chloroplasts are large green organelles that function to capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell. Remember: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Mr. W cells song with all the animal cell organelles and plants cell rap Interactive cells