Bess Ward Department of Geosciences Princeton University.

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Presentation transcript:

Bess Ward Department of Geosciences Princeton University

Weddell Sea Ross Sea Palmer Peninsula

Pine Island Glacier breaks away from the Palmer Peninsula -- global warming at work?

Cooling Trend in Antarctica -- warmer in polar seas Doran et al., 2002

Weddell Sea Ross Sea Palmer Peninsula

Doran et al., 2002

Antarctic Continental Cooling u Climate indicators u Reduced T, decreased wind, increased sunshine u Reduced river flow, thicker ice u Ecosystem effects u Less primary production u Fewer nematodes

Conflicting Signals of Climate Change in Antarctica u Indications of global scale change? u Feedback effects of global climate? u Ecological consequences?

The Mystery of the Dysfunctional Nitrogen Cycle Taylor Glacier South Pole West LB East Lake Bonney

West LB East Lake Bonney STRANGE… N cycle non functional: Way too much nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and nitrate (NO 3 ) West Lake Bonney NORMAL N cycle functional: Very little nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and nitrate (NO 3 ) One lake, two lobes connected at the surface WHY????

N 2 O = Greenhouse gas UV radiation Ozone layer N 2 O involved in Catalytic ozone destruction NO 3 bacteria Nitrous oxide (N 2 O): intermediate in denitrification N2N2

Nitrogen Concentrations (µM) NORMAL Depth (m) West Lobe ammonium nitrate East Lobe STRANGE ammonium nitrate

Nitrogen Concentrations (µM) East Lobe STRANGE ammonium nitrate

Nitrogen Concentrations (µM) East Lobe STRANGE ammonium nitrate (Priscu et al., 1996; LTER) nitrous oxide Depth (m) East Lobe REALLY STRANGE

First, drill a hole….

Weather port, West Lobe Lake Bonney

Sampling Hole through the Ice Cover

“Lab” inside the weather port

Isolate denitrifying bacteria and detect them in the lake Species- specific immunofluorescence

Distribution of strain ELB17 (Marinobacter) in Lake Bonney (counted by immunofluorescence) East Lobe

Optimal growth conditions for strain ELB17

Nitrite reductase (nirS) genes in Lake Bonney u Central enzyme in denitrificaiton encoded by nirS u nirS genes found in both lobes Chris Francis

Sharon Harris: Teacher Experiencing Antarctica Measuring denitrification rates based on N 2 O production

Depth (m) West Lobe Denitrification rate

Depth (m) East Lobe Denitrification rate

Denitrification does not occur in the East Lobe… but all the ingredients are present u Denitrifiers can be isolated from the lake u The strains survive under in situ conditions u Denitrifying cells are detected in the lake u Denitrifying genes are detected in the lake u Denitrification happens in the bags, not in the lake u So what is the problem??

Nitrogen Concentrations (µM) East Lobe STRANGE ammonium nitrate (Priscu et al., 1996; LTER) nitrous oxide Depth (m) East Lobe REALLY STRANGE

EastWest Copperlowhi Silver low Mark Wells

Nitrite Reductase, Nitrous Oxide Reductase NO 3 NO 2 NON2ON2O N 2 Inducible, conserved, gas metabolism (Cu, heme) (Cu)

The Copper Hypothesis u Cu u Cu is required for denitrification u AgCu u Ag substitutes for Cu in denitrification enzymes, and makes them nonfunctional u AgCu u Ag toxicity or competition with Cu inhibits denitrification in the East AgCu u But how did the two lobes end up with such different Ag / Cu ratios?

LTER East Lobe West Lobe Taylor Glacier

Blood Falls, West Lake Bonney

Cross section of Lake Bonney today W E Taylor Glacier

Lake Bonney 3000 years ago “cold-dry” period W E Taylor Glacier

W E

W E

W E

W E

Lake Bonney 1200 years ago Hypersaline pool in the East Lobe W E Taylor Glacier

W E

W E

Cross section of Lake Bonney today W E Taylor Glacier

Geochemical Evidence u West and East Lobes have different histories u History reflected in chemical composition of the water u Modern biogeochemistry depends on past climate change u Future climate change depends on current biogeochemistry

Bonney Hoppers

Sunrise at McMurdo, 11 July 2001