Addressing migration success or failure… …by analyzing factors that effect human trafficking outcomes…

Vulnerable Community Person seeking a better life Safe Migration Trafficking Outcome: Slavery For migration success or failure, there are definitions that help us to better understand the two extremes: safe migration or human trafficking Lets begin with the definition of a trafficking harm/outcome When a person is trafficked, the following factors are in play….

TRAFFICKING HARM Person no longer has a choice over the following elements of their life for a period of time: What type of work they do (their livelihood); Their work environment and the conditions of this work; and Their freedom of movement in the context of this work situation. OUTCOME: Situation of forced labor, servitude or slavery-like practices (sex work, domestic work, hard labor, etc.) TRAFFICKING HARM Person no longer has a choice over the following elements of their life for a period of time: What type of work they do (their livelihood); Their work environment and the conditions of this work; and Their freedom of movement in the context of this work situation. OUTCOME: Situation of forced labor, servitude or slavery-like practices (sex work, domestic work, hard labor, etc.) LOSS OF CONTROL Third Parties Commercial Time Factor Mobilit y Violation of human rights and civil laws The exploitation results in some kind of commercial/financial gain by a third party (traffickers). But this definition is not enough – for example, these same dynamics can be found in a family situation. So further elements are required to define it as a trafficking event. Movement (within and across borders) to the situation, which results from: coercion, force, deception or fraud (with intent to exploit). Basic laws and ethics are broken as a part of the process of recruiting, transporting, harboring and selling a person (torture, rape, beatings, threats of violence, threats of reprisals to family members, depravation of food, physical confinement, fraud, deception and debt bondage). The outcome has a beginning point and an end point that lasts for a given period of time (months or years). Third parties (traffickers) benefit and/or participate in placing and maintaining a person in the exploitative situation. Person can not physically leave the situation if he/she wants to due to binding factors (threats, debt bondage, etc.) When these factors are in play, a person is considered a trafficking victim.

TRAFFICKING HARM Person no longer has a choice over the following elements of their life for a period of time: What type of work they do (their livelihood); Their work environment and the conditions of this work; and Their freedom of movement in the context of this work situation. OUTCOME: Situation of forced labor, servitude or slavery-like practices (sex work, domestic work, hard labor, etc.) TRAFFICKING HARM Person no longer has a choice over the following elements of their life for a period of time: What type of work they do (their livelihood); Their work environment and the conditions of this work; and Their freedom of movement in the context of this work situation. OUTCOME: Situation of forced labor, servitude or slavery-like practices (sex work, domestic work, hard labor, etc.) LOSS OF CONTROL Third Parties Commercial Time Factor Mobilit y Violation of human rights and civil laws

Vulnerable Community Person seeking a better life Safe Migration Trafficking Outcome: Slavery On the other end of the spectrum, there is safe migration

SAFE MIGRATION  Person has relative freedom to choice  Gainfully employed abroad  Satisfactory work environment (wages, facilities etc.)  Productively contributes to host and home country  Rights respected  Security from arbitrary deportation  Security and social justice Working Environment  Opportunity for decent work  Rights respected  Appropriate legal institution  Labor protection  Occupational and Labor protection Freedom of Choice and Mobility  Person has the right to choose his/her work place  Person can move on if so desired, within and across borders. Private Sector  Socially responsible recruiting agency.  Accountable and transparent recruitment process  Overseas employment ensured  Supportive migration network Empowered Migrant  Aware of rights and responsibility  Activity involved in personal development  Utilizes resources for betterment  Increased social capital  Transfer of skills and ideas, especially good governance concepts  Rights to be heard and organize SAFE MIGRATION OUTCOME When these factors are in play, a person benefits from all the positive elements that safe migration has to offer

Vulnerable Community Person seeking a better life Safe Migration Trafficking Outcome: Slavery Continuum These categories represent the endpoints of a continuum that spans between the two extremes. It is not uncommon for many people to fall somewhere in-between these two categories or for them to go from one to the other over time. It is important to note that there are factors that extend between these extremes that can be used to measure the extend of exploitation or empowerment Exploitation Empowerment

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING DISTRESS WELL-BEING WORKING HOURS EXCESSIVE HOURS DECENT HOURS CONTROL OVER ONE’S LIFE NO CONTROL RELATIVE CONTROL PHYSICAL SECURITY ABUSE PRESENT ABSENSE OF ABUSE FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT NO FREEDOM COMPLETE FREEDOM FORMS OF LABOR WORSE FORMS DECENT WORK SALARY NO SALARY DECENT SALARY Continuum between exploitation and empowerment These seven factors demonstrate the continuum that exists between human trafficking and safe migration When a migrant’s conditions fall on this end of the spectrum, it is likely that he/she is facing slavery-like conditions Likewise, when a migrant’s conditions fall on this end of the spectrum, it is likely that he/she is experiencing safe, orderly migration But for many, a person can have a set of factors that places him/her in between both sides of this continuum

Beyond these definitions, to better understand how the migratory process can be directly associated with a trafficking outcome, there are factors that must to be taken into consideration.

Recruiter/ trafficker Vulnerable Community Person seeking a better life Exploitative Outcome Inside Village Border Crossing Inside 2 nd country To do this, we need to explore the diverse factors that influence a migrant’s move from his/her community to the exploitative site.

Vulnerable Community Person seeking a better life Safe Migration Trafficking Outcome: Slavery When a migrant is moving from one location to another, there are facilitating or hindering factors that come into play that either protect him/her or conspire against him/her Examples of these factors include……… The presence or absence of organized crime The presence or absence of a law Enforcement response The presence or absence of an awareness of Trafficking within a community The presence or absence of a conflict or disaster The presence or absence of safe migration messages in the community Variables In other words, if enough of these factors are lined up in a negative direction, the chances that a human trafficking outcome will occur, is much greater. The coefficient effect of these factors, and others, can be a positive or negative outcome for a given migrant.

DESPIRATION TO FULFILL MOTIVATION FOR MIGRATORY OUTCOME PRESENT ABSENT SAFE MIGRATION POLICIES ABSENT PRESENT LAW ENFORCEMENT ABSENT PRESENT CONFLICT/DISASTER PRESENT ABSENT ORGANIZED CRIME PRESENT ABSENT UNDERSTANDING OF TRAFFICKING RISK ABSENT PRESENT TRAFFICKING HISTORY PRESENT ABSENT FACILITATING OR HINDERING FACTORS THAT EFFECT A MIGRATORY OUTCOME F + - Understanding these factors helps to ensure that a variety of different interventions can be used simultaneously to address migration vulnerability This table identifies seven elements that can be used to either protect or work against a potential migrant When a migrant is moving/being transported from one place to another, if these indicators fall on this end of the spectrum, he/she is much more vulnerable to be trafficked Likewise, when a migrant is moving/being transported from one place to another, if these indicators fall on this end of the spectrum, he/she is much less vulnerable to be trafficked Interventions might Include: Focusing on locations where organized crime is present Bolstering law enforcement in these areas Immediately addressing trafficking vulnerability following a natural disaster Studying locations to better ascertain risk factors In locations where a history of trafficking already exists, work to put a response in place Where migration is routine process, ensure that safe migration information is accessible

There are many factors that influence this process…. What is the main point? The migratory process can result in either a good or bad outcome… The good outcome is considered safe migration while the bad outcome is considered human trafficking Finding ways of lining up factors to protect a potential migrant will help to reduce future trafficking outcomes…