History of Computers, Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality

Brief History of Computers Abacus, adding machine with gears (Pascal-17 th c), Leibniz (early 18 th c), Jacquard (loom, early 19 th c) Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine (programmable- 19 th c), Ada Lovelace Boole’s system of logic (1854) Hollerith (1890 census – punchcards in 1928-IBM)punchcards Turing – On Computable Numbers (1937) World War II Colossus – all electronic- vacuum tubes Aiken’s Mark I (1944 – mechanical relays)Mark I Atanasoff-Berry vacuum tubes (early 1940’s) Mauchly-Eckert ENIACENIAC Von Neumann – stored program (late 1945) Hopper – first computer bug

Brief History of computers (con’t) IBM 650 – first mass produced computer – 500K RAM (1953)IBM 650 Texas Instruments- silicon transistors (1954) McCarthy and Minsky AI (1956) DEC PDP- first minicomputer - monitor and screen (1960)DEC PDP- First video game (1962) ARPANET (adv res proj agency – 1962) Engelbart’s mouse (1964)Engelbart’s Integrated circuits (chips) in computers - Burroughs(1968)- invented in 1958 Brooks: kinesthetic interaction between protein molecules (1967) Bell Labs: UNIX (1970) Floppy disks (1970) Intel computer on a chip (1971)Intel 4004-

Brief History of computers (con’t) First PC – Altair in a kit (1975) Jobs and Wozniak- Apple I – Apple Computer (1976, 1977) Gates and Allen – Microsoft (1977) IBM PC (1981) SGI (1981) Macintosh computer (1984) Boom HMD (1987) Spatialization of sound at NASA- Fisher and Wenzel (1989) Polhemus position trackers (1988) Berners-Lee at CERN – World Wide Web (1989) Linux (1991) Python (1991)

Brief History of computers (con’t) Graphical user interface for Web navigation (Mosaic) (1993) Netscape (1994) Yahoo founded (1994) Java, Internet Explorer (1995) Google founded (1998) iMac (1998) i-pod (2001) Processing computer language (2001) Gmail (2004) Facebook (2004) YouTube (2005) i-phone (2007) ipad (2010) Kinect (2010)

History of Computer Graphics, Animation and Virtual Reality McCay’s Gertie the Dinosaur (1914 – cartoon with 10,000 drawings) Disney founded (1923) Steamboat Willie: sound animated film (1930) Helig’s Sensorama (1956) Boeing uses term “computer graphics” (1960) Head mounted displays (1960, 1961) First video game (Spacewars – 1961) Sutherland’s Sketchpad ( MIT doctoral thesis – computer graphics on a monitor- light pen- vision; later The Ultimate Display, HMD ideas) Macintosh with graphical user interface (GUI) (1984)

Graphics and VR History (con’t) Furness’ display system for pilots (1966) SIGGRAPH formed (1969) Gouraud’s work on shading (1971) Pong, interactive graphics game (Atari) (1972) Phong’s work on illumination (1973) HMD research by Clark (future founder of SGI) (1974) Sandin and Sayre bend-sensing glove (1977) Polhemus tracking system (1979) Furness’ virtual cockpit (1981) SGI founded, Sun founded (1981)

Graphics and VR History (con’t) Zimmerman: data glove (1982) ILM (industrial Light Magic) develops computer graphics images for “genesis effect” sequence in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) Sonification (sound that represents data) (1982) Callahan’s see-through HMD (1983) Jaron Lanier: VPL Research- dataglove- coined term VR (1984) Young Sherlock Homes movie (1985- first computer animated character) Beginnings of motion capture (1985) Who Framed Roger Rabbit mixes actors and computer generated (1985) Gif and jpeg (1986)

Graphics and VR History (con’t) Microsoft adds GUI to Windows (1990) Tactile feedback glove, Sense8 founded, first VR systems (1990) CAVE at SIGGRAPH (1992) VR symposium (1993) Pixar and Disney release Toy Story, first full- length computer animation (1994) mp3 (1993) Doom released (1993) VR Society formed (1994) Gall bladder removed with aid of HMD (1994) Graphics cards become popular Motion capture Kinect gesture capture