PATHOS “Persuasion is effected through the audience, when they are brought by the speech into a state of emotion; for we give very different decisions under the sway of pain or joy, and liking or hatred.” –Aristotle (Section 1.2, 1356a) “Persuasion is effected through the audience, when they are brought by the speech into a state of emotion; for we give very different decisions under the sway of pain or joy, and liking or hatred.” –Aristotle (Section 1.2, 1356a)

PATHOS Anger People who are ailing, or needy, or in love, or thirsty—in a word, those who have any desire that is not being satisfied—are prone to anger, and are easily incensed,… but above all at anyone who shows indifference [slights] to their present aim~Aristotle (Section 2.2, 1379a)

CAUSES OF ANGER SLIGHTS Contempt: What we deem worthless Spite: To cause loss to someone Hubris :Putting down others to elevate oneself

PEOPLE WHO CAUSE ANGER Those who laugh at us. Those who disparage us. Our friends (if they speak ill of us or treat us poorly.) Those who do not treat good treatment with good treatment. People who act contrary to a man’s interest’s

PATHOS Mildness [Meekness] The opposite of growing angry. We are mild toward those who do not slight us. We are mild toward those who acknowledge their fault and regret it.

PATHOS MILDNESS [MEEKNESS] Conditions opposed to anger: sports, laughter, a feast, fine weather, success, and being free from pain and engaged in pleasure. Time has elapsed. Vengeance has been taken. Audience pities the person has suffered more harm than they would/could have inflicted upon him. Audience believes the man they wish to punish does not perceive his punishment is caused by them.

PATHOS: LOVE AND HATRED LOVE HATREDLOVE HATRED Love occurs when one share’s another’s pleasure in good fortune, and his pain in what is painful, not for any ulterior motive, but simply for the other’s sake (103).

PATHOS: LOVE Those We Love The friends of our friends. The friends of our friends. Those who have the same enemies. Those who have the same enemies. Those who are able to benefit us. Those who are able to benefit us. Those who mind their own business. Those who mind their own business. Those who are pleasant to be with. Those who are pleasant to be with. Those who praise our qualities. Those who praise our qualities.

PATHOS Hatred: Produced by anger, spiting--petty ill- will to irritate, annoy, or thwart,--and calumny--false statements to hurt someone’s reputation.

PATHOS—HATRED VS. ANGER Differences Between Hatred and Anger Anger is against a person--Hatred is against a class. Anger is against a person--Hatred is against a class. Anger may be cured by time--Hatred is not. Anger may be cured by time--Hatred is not. Anger is to cause pain—Hatred is to harm. Anger is to cause pain—Hatred is to harm. Anger man wants his victim to know—Hating man doesn’t care. Anger man wants his victim to know—Hating man doesn’t care. Angry man wants victim to suffer—Hating man wants object to not exist. Angry man wants victim to suffer—Hating man wants object to not exist.

PATHOS: FEAR AND CONFIDENCE Fear Fear may be defined as a pain arising from a mutual image of impending evil of a destructive or painful sort—AND only when it seems imminent.

FEAR Anger of those who have the power to do us harm. Injustice joined with power; for it is the unjust man’s will to do evil. Fear of those who have power over us. Fear of accomplices in crime. Fear of those who compete for things which both men cannot possess at the same time. Situations in which no one can help us. CAUSES

TO AROUSE FEAR The speaker must argue that others greater than the audience have suffered; and [the speaker] must point out that others like them [in a like situation] are suffering, or have suffered, at the hands of people from whom they did not expect it, and things that they did not expect, and at times when they thought themselves safe.

CONFIDENCE The opposite of fear. Confidence is the hope [anticipation], accompanied by a mental image, of things conducive to safety as being near at hand, while causes of fear seem to be either non-existent or far away. ~Aristotle (Section 2.5, 1383b)

CAUSES OF CONFIDENCE Remoteness of calamities and the proximity of sources of encouragement. Means for rectifying mistakes and means of relief. Audience not wronged or been wronged. When, in any enterprise we think we are likely, or certain, to suffer no ill, or to attain success. Rivals – None – Not Powerful – Not Numerous – Outnumbered by friends

SHAME/SHAMELESSNESS Shame may be defined as a pain or disturbance regarding that class of evils, in the present, past, or future, which we think will tend to our discredit. ~Aristotle (Section 2.6)

CAUSES: EVILS THOUGHT TO BRING DISCRACE TO OURSELVES OR THOSE WE CARE FOR. All acts that proceed from any of the vices. A wrong caused in money matters. Sexual deviance. Taking profit from the powerless, or dead, or any paltry source. Refusing to bear hardships that are borne by older or more delicate people. Constantly talking about oneself. Not participating in honorable things in which all or most men participate. Undergoing, has undergone, or is about to undergo something which tends to bring one into dishonor and reproach.

SHAME PEOPLE WITH WHOM WE FEEL SHAME Those who we admire. Those who we admire. Those who we are ambitious of rivaling. Those who we are ambitious of rivaling. Those who will always be with us. Those who will always be with us. Those who are not open to the same temptations. Those who are not open to the same temptations. Those who are severe in judging. Those who are severe in judging. Those who will reveal our doings. Those who will reveal our doings.

SHAMELESSNESS Shamelessness is a certain contempt or indifference regarding the said evils. ~Aristotle (Section 2.6, 1383b) The speaker must turn the foregoing study of shame around, whereupon he will see from what causes, with respect to what persons, and under what circumstances, men are not ashamed. (Cooper, 117)