Gerunds 動名詞 & Infinitives 不定詞

Bare Infinitive, Gerund, To-Infinitive Bare Infinitive: Infinitive without “ to ” play e.g. I see him play basketball every day. Infinitive: always with “ to ” to play e.g. I want to play basketball with him. Gerund: Base form+ING playing e.g. I enjoy playing basketball.

INFINITIVES Basically, infinitives add more information to what is expressed in certain verbs e.g. They agreed. (agreed what?) They agreed to have a break.

INFINITIVES As a subject of a sentence (when we talk about a specific fact) After some verbs: To smoke now would be rude. To make a cake is difficult for Miss Chow. agree learn appear/seem manage choose plan decide promise expect refuse hope want/wish

INFINITIVES After certain adjectives: (It is + adj. + to...) After Indirect Object of certain verbs: busy She is too busy to... happy It is happy to... ready I ’ m ready to... tired I ’ m too tired to... advise teach invite persuade tell warn

Bare Infinitive After some perception verbs such as see, feel or hear and the verbs let and make: e.g. I saw you leave home. (I saw you leaving home. / I saw you to leave home. X) My parents don ’ t let me stay out late After see, hear, let, feel, make  no “ to ”, no “ ing ”

GERUNDS Gerunds also add more information to what is expressed in certain verbs. e.g. We suggested. (suggested what?) We suggested having a break. When we want to use a verb after a preposition: e.g. After having a break, we continued our lesson. When we want to use a verb as a subject: e.g. Having a break is important in a double lesson. (Have a break is important.  X)

GERUNDS As a subject of a sentence: (when we talk about a general fact) After prepositions: Smoking kills. Making cakes is difficult. I thought of calling you, but it was too late. After having lunch, they go to school.

GERUNDS As a Direct Object of certain verbs: After certain expressions: continuemiss enjoyprefer finishrecommend like/dislikesuggest love/hate can ’ t helplook forward to can ’ t standspend (time) feel likeDon ’ t mind It ’ s no use be used to / get used to

VERBS FOLLOWED BY BOTH Without change in meaning: With change in meaning: begin propose forbid intend start stop remeber forget regret

STOP STOP + GERUND: To leave an habit STOP + INFINITIVE: To interrupt an action for doing something else You should stop smoking, it will kill you! Let ’ s stop here to have a drink!

REMEMBER REMEMBER + GERUND: It refers to something done in the past REMEMBER + INFINITIVE: It refers to the future. We use it when we want to say sth immportant to somenone. I don ’ t remeber locking the door! You should remember to call Mr Jones to put off the meeting.

REGRET REGRET + GERUND: To regret something from the past. REGRET + INFINITIVE: To make bad news public. She regrets breaking up with him. I regret to tell you that we don ’ t have any vacancy to be filled.

FORGET FORGET + GERUND: To express that we ’ ve forgotten something which was done in the past. FORGET + INFINITIVE: To forget doing something. I forgot talking to you! (you talked, but you don ’ t remember) I forgot to call you on your birthday. (you didn ’ t call, so you didn ’ t remember)