Disorders of the Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone) -Increased metabolic rate -Increased food intake but loss of weight -Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) -Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

Goitre

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone) -Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease) - Reduced metabolic rate -Low food intake but gain of weight -Myxoedema (when onset in adults) -Cretinism (when onset in children) -Can also cause a goitre

Myxoedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin Mental impairment Thin, brittle hair

Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility Neurological impairment Constant Fatigue Obesity

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps) Underactivity - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca -Osteoporosis (brittle bones) -Kidney stones

Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity -Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca -Tetany Overactivity -High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca -Osteoporosis

Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity -Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) -Hypoglycemia Underactivity -High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) -Hyperglycemia -Diabetes

Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity -High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) -Diabetes Underactivity -Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) -Hyper insulinism

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone: Growth Hormone Overactive -Giantism (children - very tall) -Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken) Underactive - Dwarfism (very short)

Giantism The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

Acromegaly

Dwarfism Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

CHART ANSWERS

Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate Overactive Goitre Hyperthyroidism Grave’s Disease Underactive Goitre Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s Disease Myxoedema (adults) Cretinism (kids)

Calcitonin – Inc. Ca uptake by bones and dec. Ca level in blood Overactive Tetany Underactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis

Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone Overactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Underactive Tetany

Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels Overactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock) Underactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes

Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone Calcitonin –Parathormone - Over Reactivity Under Reactivity Blood Ca Tetany Osteoporosis Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Kidney Stones Blood Ca

Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels Overactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Underactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism

Insulin vs Glucagon Insulin –Glucagon - Over Reactivity Under Reactivity BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes Hypoglycemia BSL Hypoglycemia BSL

GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth Overactive Giantism (children) Acromegaly (adults) Underactive Dwarfism (Frohlich’s and Lorrain)

MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken Overactive Skin darkens Under active Skin will not darken Most severe condition is albinism

LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production Overactive Unknown Underactive Sterility

Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec. inflammation Overactive Cushing’s Syndrome Underactive Addison’s Disease Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production