Human Reproductive Systems

Male Reproductive System Testes: male gonads Form male gametes (sperm) in ________________________ Scrotum: sac that holds testes outside of body cavity Sperm develop optimally ____________________________ ____________________________________. Epididymus: _______________________ to mature

Penis: Vas Deferens: Semen: Urethra: fleshy tube with ____________ allowing to internal fertilization Vas Deferens: carries sperm ______________ ____________ during ejaculation Semen: transport medium for sperm Made up nutrient fluid to nourish and protect sperm in female reproductive tract Urethra: tube where semen exits penis Shares same structure with _____________________

Vasectomy: Testosterone: FSH and LH: _______________________, preventing sperm from leaving the body Testosterone: produced by _____________ plays a role in development of male secondary sex characteristics FSH and LH: secreted by ______________ help in growth and development of sperm in testes

Female Reproductive System Ovaries: female gonads Produce eggs Secrete _______________ Each contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs called __________ One egg is released each month during ____________________ Estrogen: causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics Breast development, broadened pelvis, distribution of body fat

Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts: near each ovary but not directly connected to it ____________line tube and create current that draws the released egg towards uterus Where egg is __________________ Uterus: thick walled muscular organ where a fertilized egg will implant and grow Cervix: narrow _____________________ Vagina: ____________________, site where sperm is deposited Note: Urinary and reproductive tracts are separate in females

Menstrual Cycle Basic Steps of Cycle: Series of hormonally controlled changes that occur to the ovary and uterine lining Basic Steps of Cycle: Egg matures and erupts from its follicle entering fallopian tube. Wall of the uterus has __________________ with a rich supply of blood vessels (endometrial lining) and is prepared to receive a fertilized egg If egg not fertilized, lining breaks down and passes from the body as menstrual fluid and cycle begins again

Stages of Menstrual Cycle Controlled by _____________________________ Brain (FSH & LH) and ovary (estrogen & progesterone)

Follicle Stage (10-14 days) _____________________ follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causing follicle in ovary to mature ____________ gets secreted by follicle in ovary as it develops, causing uterine lining to thicken Ovulation (middle of cycle) Increased estrogen causes pituitary to lower FSH and begin secreting _______________ (LH) When this reaches certain level ovulation occurs and __________ ________________ releasing egg Egg must be fertilized in about 24 hours or it dies

Corpus Luteum Stage (10-14 days) Ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum (yellow body) which secretes ______________________ Progesterone maintains the _________________________ Menstruation (3-5 days) If fertilization doesn’t happen, LH secretion decreases, corpus luteum breaks down and ________________drops Uterine lining is no longer maintained and ______________ and is released as ____________________ Menopause: the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle

Human Fertilization & Development Fertilization: (Internal) ejaculation of _________________________ into vagina sperm swim through cervix into uterus and into Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place one sperm breaks through membrane surrounding egg and fuses with egg nucleus forming ___________________ Gestation: the period of development ____________________

In Vitro Fertilization Egg is fertilized with sperm _______________ then placed into uterus several days later where it can implant

Embryo Development In Fallopian Tube: In Uterus fertilization occurs ________ and ________ stage is reached In Uterus ______________ occurs embryo attaches itself to the lining of uterus _______________ and __________________occur Forms 3 layers from which different tissues develop http://www.dnatube.com/video/1127/Human-Reproduction-Fertilization-and-Fetal-Development

Ectopic Pregnancy Sometimes the embryo implants someplace other than uterus (in oviduct or even in the abdomen). This often results in the death of the embryo and or the mother.

Multiple Embryos Fraternal Twins: Identical Twins: fertilization __________________ Identical Twins: __________________ and splits into two separate embryos Conjoined Twins: when identical twins don’t separate completely

Protecting & Nourishing Embryo Chorion: forms small fingerlike projections called _______________ that extend into uterine lining Placenta: uterine lining and chorionic villi come together villi constantly bathed in ______________ exchange of nutrients, oxygen and wastes takes place here Umbilical Cord: rope like structure connects developing fetus to placenta Amnion: membrane sack surrounding fetus filled with ___________________ protects fetus from shock

Amniocentesis: testing amniotic fluid for chromosomal and developmental disorders

Labor: uterine muscles _________ opening to cervix gets larger Eventually amniotic sac bursts open and baby passes through birth canal Shortly after the ________ or “afterbirth” is expelled Labor & Birth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgZ5z6RB06c&safe=active

Nova: The Miracle of Life http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wou1Udu_vr8&safe=active Nova: Life’s Greatest Miracle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swYuEkzTkV0&safe=active Excellent for extra credit!! And both are related to your test!!