Collaboration, Competition and the Global Drivers of Research Collaborative Research: Trends and Future Directions Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 30 March 2011 Dr Andrew Plume Associate Director – Scientometrics & Market Analysis. Elsevier Daniel Calto Director of Business Development, Elsevier

2 $1,159B (USD PPP—2010 est.) $409B (USD--1990) Sources: Global R&D Magazine, Battelle (2010 estimates) ; UNESCO Institute for Statistics (1990 actuals)

3 $2.5B (USD PPP—1990) $33.3B (USD PPP—2010 est.)

4 $12.4B (USD PPP—1990) $141.4B (USD PPP—2010 est.)

5 $101.9B (USD PPP—1990) $268.5B (USD PPP—2010)

6 $152.0B (USD PPP—1990) $401.9B (USD PPP—2010)

Average Annual Growth of R&D Expenditure for US, EU-27, Asia-8 7 Source: National Science Foundation

R&D Expenditures for US, EU, and Asia Source: National Science Foundation

High-technology manufacturing share of total manufacturing, by region/country: 1985–2005 Source: National Science Foundation

10 Global competition has increased dramatically Countries ranked by published output in 2007

11 “Today the dominant position of the United States in the international research and education community is being challenged as never before.” -American Academy of Arts and Sciences “Today the dominant position of the United States in the international research and education community is being challenged as never before.” -American Academy of Arts and Sciences New global leaders are emerging Countries ranked by output growth

Drivers of collaboration and competition Collaboration Competition Funding Personal allegiances Ideological, social and political forces Publish or perish Low-cost communication and travel Personal gain Funding Personal antipathies Ideological, social and political forces Publish or perish Drive for individual recognition Personal gain

14 Sharing in science

15 Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Major US Research Institutions Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

16 Levels of Scientific Collaboration at Goddard Space Flight Center Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

17 Having access to other researchers’ data benefits/would benefit my own research I am willing to allow other researchers to access my raw research data Significant difference between subset and total Significant difference between 2005 and 2010 data Author Reader dichotomy more want access than are willing to share Total Chemistry Computer Science Earth & Env Sciences Engineering Life Sciences Materials Science Maths Medicine & Allied Health Physics & Astronomy SocSci + Arts Hum + Economics Why scientists don’t share

There is one character trait... which is an intrinsic part of a scientist’s culture, and which the public image doesn’t often include: his extreme egocentricity, expressed chiefly in his overmastering desire for recognition by his peers. No other recognition matters. And that recognition comes in only one way. It doesn’t really matter who you are or whom you know. You may not even know those other scientists personally, but they know you—through your publications. 18 Scientists seek recognition for their work

Geneticists' Reasons for Withholding Post publication Information, Data, or Materials. Respondents who considered these motivating factors very important or important. 19 Why scientists don’t share

3,222 authors 208 institutes 37 countries 20 Big Science and hypercollaboration 80%

21 International collaboration is rising globally

22 International collaboration is rising globally

23 International collaboration is rising globally

24 International collaboration increases citation impact

Numbers denote number of articles (thousands) in each subject area in International collaboration is field-dependent

US UK Japan Germany France Italy Netherlands Canada Switzerland Belgium 2000: International collaboration is centered on a few hubs Data Source: Scopus

US UK Japan Germany France Italy Netherlands Canada Switzerland Australia Belgium 2008: International collaboration is centred on a few (more) hubs Data Source: Scopus

28 Collaboration may reflect geopolitical networks Data Source: Scopus

Collaboration may reflect shared history and language Data Source: Scopus

30 Competition for research grants is increasing

What types of information tools can be used to increase collaboration and better understand patterns of both collaboration and competition? 31 Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Project Detail 32 Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Collaborator Network Detail 33 Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Johnson Space Center NASA Pilot – Research Profile Detail 34 Data source: SciVal Experts – NASA pilot

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities 35 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US and China national map

US National Map – Distinctive Competency # Avian Wing Design in Aeronautic and Astronautic Engineering 36 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Distinctive Competency #548 – “Treemap” of components of interdisciplinary competency 37 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Institutions 38 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Authors 39 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Tracking interdisciplinary collaboration and national research capabilities -- Top Countries 40 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

Distinctive Competency #64 – Space Research and Geophysics – Top Institutions 41 Data Source: SciVal Spotlight 2009 US national map

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