Radical Days of Revolution Section 3 SWBAT: understand why and how radicals abolished the monarchy Explain why the Committee of Public Safety was created and why the Reign of Terror resulted Summarize how the excesses of the Convention led to the formation of the Directory Analyze how the French people were affected by the changes brought about by the revolution. Radical Days of Revolution

Do Now Tuesday1/15/13 During the French and American revolutions printed materials were the primary means of communication. During WWII, radio and newspapers were the primary means of communication while during the Gulf Wars, television news and the Internet were used by many as the primary source of information. How has technology and access to it impacted the believability of propaganda?

Radical Revolution Storming Versailles – Royal family to Paris October 6, 1789 Tensions rise abroad Émigrés were groups of people hoping to restore the king’s power Louis XVI attempted escape  June 21, 1791 Consequence  RADICAL transition

National Convention Louis XVI put on trial as a traitor to France Radicals take control of the Assembly Call for new legislative body called the National Convention. Louis XVI put on trial as a traitor to France

Another Constitution National Convention drafts new constitution for France. Jacobins  radical group control the Convention erase all traces of the old order Seized lands of nobles & abolished titles of nobility Suffrage: the right to vote, for all male citizens, not just property owners Voted to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic  The French Republic Louis XVI convicted (treason) & sentenced to death  Guillotine Executed January 1793

The Royal Family Marie Antoinette outlived her husband by 9 months Found guilty of treason: October of 1793 sent to the Guillotine Marie had two surviving children, Marie Therese & Louis Charles Louis Charles died in prison in 1795 – age10 Marie Therese  exiled &married died childless in 1851

three most memorable Jacobins: Georges Danton, Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat. Because of a debilitating illness, Marat was forced to work from home. He was assassinated (in the tub while taking a medicinal bath) by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist sympathizer, in July, 1793. The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David

Reign of Terror: September 5, 1793-July 27, 1794 Convention continued to face problems domestically Jacobin political party dominated French politics Committee of Public Safety Headed by Danton (and later Robespierre) Those accused of treason were tried by the Committee’s Revolutionary Tribunal Approximately 15,000 people died on the guillotine Guillotine became known as the “National Razor”

Growing Coalition against the French Draft  to defeat the foreign Coalition people supported military operations  they did not want to be back under the Old Regime Rouget de Lisle wrote the “Marseillaise” French national anthem Inspired troops as they were led into battle After 2 years Coalition was defeated France had gained territory

Primary Source “It is necessary to stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic perish with them….The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror….If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror.” - Mazimilien Robespierre, quoted in Pageant of Europe

Committee of Public Safety

End of the Reign of Terror Members of Girondist political party tried to end ROT This opposition caused many Girondists to be tried and executed for treason Eventually, even Georges Danton wanted to end the executions resulted in Danton being executed for treason Robespierre leader of the Committee of Public Safety continued the executions Convention blamed Robespierre for the Reign of Terror Thermidorean Reaction July 27, 1794 – ended Reign of Terror Robespierre & other members of the Committee of Public Safety to the guillotine Robespierre was guillotined on July 28, 1794

Constitution #3 (1795) Revolution Enters Third Stage Move away from the Convention Form the DIRECTORY With the foreign invaders vanquished & Reign of Terror over, the Convention was finally able to inaugurate its new constitution Formed a two house legislature elected by male citizens of property Middle class and professional people of the bourgeoisie were the dominant force of this stage

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Government under the Directory 5 directors appointed by the Legislature Executive Lower house (500 members) proposed laws Upper house (250 members) voted on these laws 2/3 of the Legislature would initially be filled by members of the Convention Legislature Girondists (middle-class party) had defeated the Jacobins (working- and peasant-class party) Girondists’ constitution stated that suffrage (the right to vote), as well as the right to hold office, were limited to property owners Qualifications

Other Parting Reforms Passed by the Convention Adopted the metric system Dealt the final blow to feudalism by abolishing primogeniture (the system whereby the oldest son inherited all of his father’s estate) Drew up a comprehensive system of laws Ended debt imprisonment Ended slavery in France’s colonies Established a nationwide system of public education

Directory (1795-1799) The Directory suffered from corruption and poor administration. The people of France grew poorer and more frustrated with their government. Despite, or perhaps because of, these struggles, the French developed a strong feeling of nationalism – they were proud of their country and devoted to it. National pride was fueled by military successes. It would be a military leader – Napoleon Bonaparte, coming to power through a coup d’état – who would end the ten-year period (1789-1799) known as the French Revolution.

Review Questions 1. What changes occurred after the Reign of Terror came to an end 2. What human rights were established in France by the Declaration of the Rights of Man? 3. How did Olympe de Gouges fight for women’s rights? 4. What were émigrés, and why did French revolutionaries view them as a threat? 5. Name and describe the two political parties that competed for power in revolutionary France. 6. What was the Committee of Public Safety? 7. Describe the Reign of Terror and explain how it eventually came to an end. 8. Were the “excesses” of the French Revolution justified? Why or why not? 9. Looking back at the first half of 1789, could the French Revolution have been avoided? If so, how?