Design and Guidance
What are Your Choices
Mitigation measure ( keeping Animals off the road) Estimated effective- ness (%) Balance ($/km/yr) Best practice (yes) Animal detection systems (ADS)82%$3,091Yes Increase vis. (vegetation removal)38%$15,437Yes Fence (including dig barrier)87%$32,728Yes Long bridges100%$739,310 Long tunnels or long bridges100%$1,458,060 Fence with gap and ADS82%$24,461Yes Fence with underpasses87%$30,628Yes Fence with overpasses87%$10,003Yes Fence with under-and overpasses 87%$28,978Yes
Wildlife Fencing Effectivenss Materials Installation Access Points Costs Maintenance
Increases the barrier effect Potential negative effects to Dispersal and Migration Reducing collisions with large & small mammals by keeping animals off roads
Effectiveness Fence with gap and ADS 82% Fence with underpasses 87% Fence with overpasses 87% Fence with under-and overpasses 87%
Type of Materials Woven metal wire Chain Link Electric
Woven Metal Wire
Chain Link Fence
Table 3. Suggested fence height for selected large mammal species. 4 Large Ungulates Woven Metal Wire Fence Height Further Recommendations White-tailed deer8-9 ft Mule deer8-9 ft Elk8-9 ft Moose8-9 ft Mountain goat8-9 ft Bighorn sheep10-12 ft 1 Cougar11 ft Finer mesh size, overhang Wolf8 ft Black bear8-9 ft Finer mesh size, overhang Grizzly bear8-9 ft
Installation Dig Barrier Fence Posts Attaching Wire Mess Top Wire
Installation Location Length Adding Crossings Existing Crossings
Installation / Fence Ends
Escape Opportunities from the Right- of-Way
Access Points Requiring Fence Breaks
Fencing Construction Costs Highway Fencing Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park Can$25 per foot (2006) U.S. Highway 93 ( Montana) $9 to $12 per foot (2006 prices) [ Jump-outs $6,500 to $11,000 Wildlife Guards for Access Roads $30,000
Maintenance
Electric Fencing
Fencing Summary Several Materials to select from Need to keep in mind the types of Wildlife Fencing effectiveness How it is installed is VERY important Costs and Maintenance concerns must be recognized