English 306A; Harris Text linguistics

English 306A; Harris “Text” the spoken or written evocation of an event or series of events (p.193)

English 306A; Harris Event Homer eats crap. Event Schema: Doing

English 306A; Harris Event Homer eats crap. Event Schema: Doing

English 306A; Harris “Text” I.e., ‘one or more sentences’

English 306A; Harris “Text” I.e., ‘one or more sentences’

English 306A; Harris “Text” texere to weave text utterances (usually sentences) woven into a perceived whole

English 306A; Harris “Text” Clusters of language, at least two clauses big, perceived as a functioning unit: woven language.

English 306A; Harris But, woven utterances -paraverbal elements -nonverbal elements =text I.e., intonation, rhythm, gesture, “body language,” and other circumstantial overlays are excluded from the notion of text. intonation, volume, rate, pitch, … gesture, “body language”, clothing, … Notice that this is a partial ‘return’ to the ideational function, to the filtering off of context.

English 306A; Harris “Text” For purposes of analysis, that is, we close our eyes to para- and extra- verbal dimensions.

English 306A; Harris Missing the typographical boat In written communication, the text is almost all there is. (p.180)

English 306A; Harris Missing the typographical boat In written communication, the text is almost all there is. (p.180)

English 306A; Harris Missing the communication-design (RPW/RCD) boat Typeface Weight Space Proximity Shape Size Colour Medium ….

English 306A; Harris Textual function = Weaving function The elements and dimensions of language that serve to weave a discourse together.

English 306A; Harris Text—Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Cohesion (elements) achieved by formal devices, usually lexico-syntactic semasiological Coherence (dimensions) achieved by conceptual devices (‘ideas’) onomasiological

English 306A; Harris Text—Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Cohesion (elements) achieved by formal devices, usually lexico-syntactic semasiological Coherence (dimensions) achieved by conceptual devices (‘ideas’) onomasiological

English 306A; Harris A text It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Repetition Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Referential Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Balance (symmetry, parallelism, isocolon) Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Functional linking Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Repetition Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Repetition-Polyptoton Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Coherence It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Referential Coherence It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Referential Coherence It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed.

English 306A; Harris Relational Coherence It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Local conceptual relations--between two, or a few, proximal clauses.

English 306A; Harris Relational Coherence It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Local conceptual relations--between two, or a few, proximal clauses. cohesion The relation of contrast defense (of honour); detraction (from honour)

English 306A; Harris Coherence relations your tongues are held your defensive armour Contrast you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. X, but consider not-X (or compromised X)

English 306A; Harris Coherence relations your tongues are a way to defend your honour Contrast you detract from your honour by using your tongue too much X, but consider not-X (or compromised X) Coherence relations concern PROPOSITIONS, meanings, not sentences per se.

English 306A; Harris Cohesion / Coherence Cohesion (& coherence) Don’t trust McBean, because he’s a shyster. Coherence (low cohesion) Don’t trust McBean. He’s a shyster.

English 306A; Harris Cohesion without coherence (?) A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.

English 306A; Harris Cohesion / Coherence Subordination Don’t trust McBean, because he’s a shyster. Evidence (premise, warrant) Don’t trust McBean. He’s a shyster.

English 306A; Harris Cohesion / Coherence Subordination Don’t trust McBean, because he’s a shyster. Evidence Don’t trust McBean. He’s a shyster. Subordinator A word that puts one clause into a specific syntactic relationship with another clause (i.e., a subordinate relationship); functional linking.

English 306A; Harris Cohesion / Coherence Subordination Don’t trust McBean, because he’s a shyster. Evidence Don’t trust McBean. He’s a shyster. Shysters have low credibility. Trust requires credibility.

English 306A; Harris Cohesion / Coherence Subordination Don’t trust McBean, because he’s a shyster. Evidence Don’t trust McBean. He’s a shyster. Cohesion Knowing the words and/or structure Semasiological Coherence Knowing the ideas, the reasoning, the meaning Onomasiological

English 306A; Harris Text Linguistics Cohesion / Coherence Cohesion--formal, semasiological Structural Repetition, balance, functional linking Coherence—conceptual, onomasiological Referential Topical; definite, indefinite Relational Paratactic (among nuclei) Hypotactic (between nucleus and satellite[s])

English 306A; Harris

Referential coherence--Topical When the Star-Belly Sneetches had frankfurter roasts Or picnics or parties or marshmallow toasts, They never invited the Plain-Belly Sneetches. They left them out cold, in the dark of the beaches They kept them away. Never let them come near. And that’s how they treated them year after year.

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence--Topical When the had frankfurter roasts Or picnics or parties or marshmallow toasts, They never invited the Plain-Belly Sneetches. They left them out cold, in the dark of the beaches They kept them away. Never let them come near. And that’s how they treated them year after year.

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence--Topical Prominence Star-Bellies—focus SB’s actions—topic and/or Plain-Bellies—focus PB’s treatment—topic SB’s/PB’s perspectives (actions vs. feelings)

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence-- Definite/Indefinite Definite Established, understood, ‘given’ Indefinite Presented, unknown, ‘new’ “The man is at the door” “A man is at the door”

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence--Indefinite A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Signalled by an indefinite determiner (a, an, some). Used to introduce (new) topics and characters.

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence--Definite Now, the Star-Belly Sneetches Had bellies with stars. Signalled by a definite determiner (the). Used to refer to understood (given, old) topics and characters.

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Phrasal Identical Partial Proformal Anaphoric (Cataphoric) Elliptical

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence / Repetitious cohesion Phrasal (content words, not proforms) Identical (full repetition) Star-Belly Sneetches … blah blah blah … Star-Belly Sneetches Plain-Belly Sneetches … blah blah blah … Plain-Belly Sneetches Sylvester McMonkey McBean … blah blah blah … Sylvester McMonkey McBean

English 306A; Harris Partial (reduction) Star-Belly Sneetches … blah blah blah … Star-Bellies … Sylvester McMonkey McBean … blah blah blah … McBean Partial (paraphrase) Star-Belly Sneetches … blah blah blah … Sneetches with stars Plain-Belly Sneetches … blah blah blah … Sneetches without [stars on their bellies] Referential coherence / Repetitious cohesion Phrasal (content words, not proforms)

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) When the Star-Belly Sneetches i had j frankfurter roasts Or Ø i Ø j picnics or Ø i Ø j parties or Ø i Ø j marshmallow toasts, They i never invited the Plain-Belly Sneetches k. They i left them k out cold, in the dark of the beaches They i kept them k away. Ø i Never let them k come near. And that’s how they i treated them k year after year. ik

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Star-Belly Sneetches i Anaphoric They i never invited … Elliptical Ø i never let them …

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Cataphoric They i … Star-Belly Sneetches i

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Cataphoric And he laughed as he drove In his car up the beach “They i never will learn. No. You can’t teach a sneetch i !”

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Cataphoric Then I was deep within the woods When, suddenly, I spied them i. I saw a pair of pale green pants i With nobody inside them i !

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Now, the Star-Belly Sneetches Had bellies i with stars j. The Plain-Belly Sneetches k Had none j upon thars (i,k).

English 306A; Harris Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Now, the Star-Belly Sneetches Had bellies i with stars j. The Plain-Belly Sneetches k Had none j upon thars (i,k). Alternate analysis [Plain-Belly i Sneetches] j … thar j Ø i s

English 306A; Harris Relational coherence Restatement So they clambered inside. Then the big machine roared. And it klonked. And it bonked. And it jerked. And it berked. And it bopped them about. But the thing really worked! When the Plain-Belly Sneetches popped out, they had stars! They actually did. They had stars upon thars. Restatements Nucleus A satellite which reformulates (paraphrases) the information given in the nucleus.

English 306A; Harris Relational coherence Concession So they clambered inside. Then the big machine roared. And it klonked. And it bonked. And it jerked. And it berked. And it bopped them about. But the thing really worked! When the Plain-Belly Sneetches popped out, they had stars! They actually did. They had stars upon thars. Nucleus Concessions A satellite which concedes potential incompatibilities with the information presented in the nucleus.

English 306A; Harris Relational coherence Paratactic Among elements of equal importance to the text; between nuclei Hypotactic Among elements in which one (the nucleus) is more important to the text, and the other (the satellite) extends it in some way.

English 306A; Harris Relational coherence Paratactic relations Now, the Star-Belly Sneetches Had bellies with stars. The Plain-Belly Sneetches Had none upon thars. Contrast theme, character Nuclei

English 306A; Harris Relational coherence Paratactic relations Off again! On again! In again! Out again! Sequence Narrative elements Contrast Plot development (equality of characters!) Nuclei

English 306A; Harris Relational coherence Hypotactic relations Nucleus Utterance that contributes to the core of the text (the story, the argument, the instruction, …). Satellite Utterance that is peripheral to text, and which depends on a nucleus (that it extends, explains, frames, …)

English 306A; Harris Hypotactic relations Nucleus and satellite Then ONE day, it seems, … while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars … A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars.

English 306A; Harris Hypotactic relations Nucleus and satellite Then ONE day, it seems, … while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars … A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars.

English 306A; Harris Hypotactic relations Nucleus and satellite Then ONE day, it seems, … while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars … A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Satellites Nucleus

English 306A; Harris Nucleus and satellite Circumstance Then ONE day, it seems, … while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars … A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Satellites Nucleus Circumstance

English 306A; Harris Nucleus and satellite Circumstance Then ONE day, it seems, … while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars … A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Satellites Nucleus Circumstance A satellite which gives the framework in which the reader is intended to interpret the situation described in the nucleus.

English 306A; Harris Multiple relations And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed.

English 306A; Harris And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Contrast Nuclei

English 306A; Harris Solutionhood Problem(s) Nucleus And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. The nucleus is a solution to the problem described in the satelite.

English 306A; Harris Justification Justifications A satellite which increases the reader’s readiness to accept the writer’s right to present the information in the nucleus. Nucleus And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed.

English 306A; Harris Not in a box. Not with a fox. … I would not eat green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am. Justification

English 306A; Harris Not in a box. Not with a fox. … I would not eat green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am. Justification Nucleus

English 306A; Harris Not in a box. Not with a fox. … I would not eat green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am. Justification Nucleus Elaborations

English 306A; Harris Elaboration And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Elaborations A satellite which presents additional detail about (some element of) the situation described in the nucleus. Nucleus

English 306A; Harris Would you? Could you? In a box? Could you? Would you? With a fox? Elaborations

English 306A; Harris Would you? Could you? In a box? Could you? Would you? With a fox? Elaborations Satellites Nuclei

English 306A; Harris Would you? Could you? In a box? Could you? Would you? With a fox? Restatement Satellite Nucleus

English 306A; Harris From the perspective of the Plain-Belly Sneetches Motivation And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Motivations A satellite which motivates the hearer to perform the action described in the nucleus (in this case, evoked by the nucleus). Nucleus

English 306A; Harris Motivation?! Hey, that’s persuasion, isn’t it? Rhetorical interlude And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Reasons: premises feeding the argument ‘pay me (so you can jump into my star-off machine)’.

English 306A; Harris Motivation?! Hey, that’s persuasion, isn’t it? Rhetorical interlude And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Ethos, pathos, logos, figuration, topoi, invention, arrangement, style, delivery, stasis, …

English 306A; Harris Motivation?! Hey, that’s persuasion, isn’t it? Rhetorical interlude: ethos And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Eunoia (Goodwill) Arete (Virtue) Phronesis (Good sense)

English 306A; Harris Character?! Hey, that’s literary, isn’t it? Literary interlude And I’ve heard of your troubles. I’ve heard you’re unhappy. But I can fix that. I’m the Fix-it-up Chappie. I’ve come here to help you. I have what you need. And my prices are low. And I work at great speed. And my work is one-hundred percent guaranteed. Opportunistic interloper, illustrating selfish personal values, in contrast to the (selfishly skewed) community values of the Sneetches. Advances plot while advancing personal wealth; thematically exposes superficiality of appearance and fashion; character revealed through dialogue.

English 306A; Harris Text linguistics vs. other analyses Text linguistics only cares what satellites and nuclei are doing. Rhetoric cares (from a suasive viewpoint) about where, how and why (and what). Literary analysis cares (from an aesthetic viewpoint) about where, how and why (and what).

English 306A; Harris Text linguistics Cohesion--formal, semasiological Structural Repetition, balance, functional linking Coherence—conceptual, onomasiological Referential Topical; definite, indefinite Relational Paratactic (among nuclei) Hypotactic (between nucleus and satellite[s]) Proformal Anaphoric, cataphoric, elliptical