Physics of Information Yovav Kalifon Weizmann Inst. 18 Nov 2008 Szilard, L. (1929) `On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Intervention.

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Presentation transcript:

Physics of Information Yovav Kalifon Weizmann Inst. 18 Nov 2008 Szilard, L. (1929) `On the Decrease of Entropy in a Thermodynamic System by the Intervention of Intelligent Beings', Zeitschrift für Physik 53, 840 ¯ 856. Feynman, Feynman Lectures on Physics, Ratchet and Pawl, Volume 1, Chapter 46. Landauer, R. (1961) `Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process', Advances in Chemical Physics 5, 183 ¯ 191.

Physics of Information Making a measurement

Physics of Information What is information?

Physics of Information Information processing

Exorcise Maxwell’s (mechanical) demon Consider intelligent beings as demons “Universal law” of measurements

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Maxwell: “The 2 nd law is only statistically valid. “Could statistical fluctuations be exploited to run a perpetual motion machine?”

Maxwell’s Demon Exploiting fluctuations

Ratchet and pawl

Getting hit means Getting heat!

Forward Step Stretch ε Lift Lθ Fluctuation Lθ+ε

Forward Step Rate Stretch ε Lift Lθ Fluctuation Lθ+ε

Backward Step Fluctuation ε Drop Lθ Release Lθ+ε

Backward Step Rate Fluctuation ε Drop Lθ Release Lθ+ε

Reversible process

The engine keeps 2 nd law

Trap door demon Mechanical demons fluctuate

Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube (1933)

Szilard: “Under what circumstances could we construct a perpetual motion machine, utilizing intelligent beings?”

Concerns of intelligent demons

Making measurements Processing information Erasing information

Szilard’s first machine Intelligent being couples parameters

Szilard’s first machine Work done at the expense of heat

ENTROPY BILL Ideal gas: Heat reservoir:

ENTROPY BILL The frequency of each outcome: Overall we get:

ENTROPY BILL Ansatz: Overall we get:

Szilard’s second machine

ENTROPY BILL If parameter (x) thermalizes reversibly: Ansatz:

ENTROPY BILL Overall we get: Szilard’s Universal Law:

The entropy of erasure Landauer (1961) and Bennet (1982): A measurement is essentially copying Computation can be made reversible Erasing memory means compressing the phase space of possible physical states, inevitably heating up the environment

Szilard’s third machine

ENTROPY BILL

Summary Simple demons fail due to Brownian motion Intelligent demons are a part of the system Demons make up for the missing entropy No perpetual motion machine is known

Summary Szilard assumes the 2 nd law A “universal law” of measurements

Summary Szilard’s own work supports the claim that erasing memory is the only stage which necessarily raises the entropy of the system Inanimate automatic machines can measure parameters, store the information, process it, even print the result.

So what is intelligence?

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