: The World at War : The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Causes of the War

What caused World War I?  Nationalism  Militarism  Imperialism  Alliances

What alliances divided Europe in 1914?  Triple Entente (Allies) – France, Britain, Russia  Triple Alliance (Central Powers) – Germany, Austria-Hungry, Italy

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

What diplomatic crises sparked the war?  Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand  Austria declared war on Serbia  Due to extensive alliances numerous other countries were brought into the war (domino-like effect)

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

What characteristics describe trench warfare during WWI?  Double parallel system of trenches that are divided by no man’s land  Rat infested, muddy = soldiers developing illnesses  Trenches protected by barbed wire & machine guns

Trench Warfare Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

What motivated those who opposed America entering the war?  Pacifists – believed war was evil  Socialists – believed war was a capitalist & imperialist struggle  Many Americans did not believe US should be involved in a war in Europe\  Did not won’t their sons to experience horrors

What motivated those who favored the US entering the war?  Immigrants had ties to former homelands  Economic reasons

What factors increased American sympathy for the Allies?  Stronger Economic ties to Allies  Spread of British Propaganda that told stories of German atrocities (later proved false)

Why did the German threat to sink all ships …?  Because Germany was making an act of aggression against the US and the US was technically a neutral country  Sinking of the Lusitania had already turned public opinion in the US against Germany

What did the Zimmerman note reveal about Germany’s plans?  Showed Germany was planning an alliance with Mexico if the US declared war

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

11. How did the arrival of new American troops affect the spirit of Allied troops?  Troops brought fresh enthusiasm

12. Who led the American troops in Europe?  General John J. Pershing

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

13. What new weapons were used during WWI?  Machine guns  Airplanes/Airships  Poison Gas  Tanks

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

10. What is the significance of the convoy system?  Provided protection for US ships  Cut shipping losses in half by 1917

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

14. How many people died during WWI?  22 million  Note: 20 million more were wounded  Note: 10 million became refugees  Note: war cost about $338 billion

World War I Casualties

15. How did the war affect the U.S. economy?  Wages rose  Prices rose  Government gained more control  Big businesses benefited  Labor unions were hurt

16. How did the government finance the war?  Raised about 1/3 through taxes  2/3 through bonds (loans)

17. How did the government build support for the war?  Propaganda agency  Posters, movies, speeches, booklets

18. What groups were the main targets of anti-immigrant hysteria during the war?  German immigrants  Austrian-Hungarian immigrants  Americans of German descent

19. How did the Espionage & Sedition Acts affect civil liberties ?  Put limits on right to free speech  Prosecuted anyone accused on committing an anti-war activity

20. What was the Great Migration?  A large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the North

21. What new opportunities did the war offer to women?  moved into jobs that had been previously only held by men  Railroad workers, cooks, bricklayers, etc.  Volunteers in war support positions

22. What were the effects of the worldwide flu epidemic?  Devastated economies  Led to the shutdown of major industries  Killed 500,000 Americans  Killed ~30 million worldwide  More than a quarter of soldiers were infected

23. What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?  Plan for peace  Addressed all of the issues that caused the war  Sought to end militarism, imperialism  Improve trade, lower tariffs  Creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crises (League of Nations)

24. Why did the Allies reject Wilson’s Peace Plan?  Revenge against Germany  Insure that Germany would not be able to be in a position of power for a long time

25. What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?  Established 9 new nations  Shifted boundaries of other nations  Barred Germany from maintaining a standing army  Returned Alsace-Lorraine to France  Germany had to pay $33 billion to Allies  War guilt clause for Germany

26. What were some of the weaknesses of the treaty?  War-guilt clause  Huge reparations  Stripping of German colonial possessions  Former Russia lost more territory than Germany  Ignored claims of colonized for freedom

27. How did Americans react to the treaty?  Major opposition  Too harsh  Hurt the economy of Europe & US  Traded old colonial for new colonial govt’s  League threatened US policy of isolationism

28. Why did Americans disagree over the League?  Interfered with US policy of isolationism  Worried about joint provision  Believed it interfered with US constitution

29. Why did Germany object to the Treaty?  They were not involved in the treaty negotiations  One sided reparations

30. How did the war effect Germany?  Devastated the economy  Lost millions of lives  Destruction of many cities and farmland

31. How did the war affect the US’s power & prestige in the world?  Strengthened the US military  Strengthened its political power  Accelerated US emergence as a major industrial power