World War One: A New Style of War An Introduction to Johnny Got His Gun English Honors

Schlieffen Plan Germany wanted to sweep down through Belgium and take France quickly Massed forces on western front for quick victory, then shift focus to the east Germans were stopped and stalemate ensued

Stalemate on the Western Front Unable to break through the French lines, the Germans dig trenches to hold their position Allies dig trenches as well Stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland and did not move much

Trench Warfare There were several lines of trenches: –Fire trenches –Support trenches –Reserve trenches –Communication trenches Trenches were approximately 7 ft deep and 6 ft wide

No Man’s Land Between enemy trenches was called “no man’s land”, a waste land of barbed wire and land mines. As small as 7 yards, as large as over 500, usually around 250. Attacking across No Man’s Land was extremely difficult due to barbed wire and shell craters

“Life in the trenches was hell on earth. Lice, rats, trench foot, trench mouth, where the gums rot and you lose your teeth. And of course dead bodies everywhere.”

Life in the Trenches Trenches were often waterlogged and full of disease “ The trenches were wet and cold and at this time some of them did not have duckboards or dug- outs. The battalion lived in mud and water.”

Trench Foot Infection of the foot caused by cold, wet, and unsanitary conditions During the winter of over 20,000 men in the British army were treated for trench foot. Soldiers were required to change socks multiple times a day as well as grease their feet with whale oil

Trench Foot & Amputees Your feet swell to two or three times their normal size and go completely dead. You could stick a bayonet into them and not feel a thing. If you are fortunate enough not to lose your feet and the swelling begins to go down. It is then that the intolerable, indescribable agony begins. I have heard men cry and even scream with the pain and many had to have their feet and legs amputated.

Trench Rats “The outstanding feature of the trenches was the extraordinary number of rats. The area was infested with them. It was impossible to keep them out of the dugouts. They grew fat on the food that they pilfered from us, and anything they could pick up in or around the trenches; they were bloated and loathsome to look at. Some were nearly as big as cats.”

Trench Rats Rats came up from the canal, fed on the plentiful corpses, and multiplied exceedingly. While I stayed here with the Welch. a new officer joined the company and, in token of welcome, was given a dug-out containing a spring-bed. When he turned in that night he heard a scuffling, shone his torch on the bed, and found two rats on his blanket tussling for the possession of a severed hand.

Trench Rats a pair of rats were capable of producing some 800 offspring within a single year. Soldiers would often hunt rats to pass the time by attracting them with food and then attacking them with bayonets or rifles

Trench Rats

Lice in the Trenches

Over the Top An offensive consisted of days of shelling the enemy’s defenses followed by an order to go “Over the Top” and into No Man’s Land Offensives were very ineffective and resulted in huge losses of life About 800,000 at Verdun alone

Mechanization and New Weapons WWI was an industrialized war that mass produced new weapons. These new weapons were more efficient and more deadly Military tactics and strategies had not developed with the new weapons  lead to a tremendous amount of deaths

Machine Gun Hiram Maxim invented world’s first automatic portable machine gun fifty Rhodesian police fought off 5,000 Matabele warriors with just four Maxim guns Rapid fire mowed down waves of soldiers as they raced across no man’s land

Chlorine Gas The effects are these - a splitting headache and terrific thirst (to drink water is instant death), a knife edge of pain in the lungs and the coughing up of a greenish froth off the stomach and the lungs, ending finally in insensibility and death. The colour of the skin from white turns a greenish black and yellow, the colour protrudes and the eyes assume a glassy stare. It is a fiendish death to die.

Mustard Gas "Great mustard- coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke."

Tanks Tanks were first used during WWI They were able to cross the trenches, across broken ground and barbed wire while facing heavy machine gun fire

Artillery Used to weaken enemy fortifications before offensives “Big Bertha”

Aircraft Planes were first used for reconnaisance missions Pilots then engaged in small battles in the air where they would shoot at each other with pistols Later in the war, planes began to drop bombs and engage in dogfights with mounted machine guns.

Zeppelins Blimps that Germans used to drop bombs Use for only 2 yrs as they were easily shot down by enemy soldiers and planes

THE HUMAN COST

The Aftermath of an Artillery Raid

A Man With a “Broken Face””

39 million Casualties

Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % of Mobilized Allied Powers Russia12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,0009,150, France8,410,0001,357,8004,266,000537,0006,160, British Empire8,904,467908,3712,090,212191,6523,190, Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,0002,197, United States4,355,000126,000234,3004,500364, Japan800, , Romania750,000335,706120,00080,000535, Serbia707,34345,000133,148152,958331, Belgium267,00013,71644,68634,65993, Greece230,0005,00021,0001,00017, Portugal100,0007,22213,75112,31833, Montenegro50,0003,00010,0007,00020, Total42,188,8105,152,11512,831,0044,121,09022,104, Central Powers Germany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,0581,152,8007,142, Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,0007,020, Turkey2,850,000325,000400,000250,000975, Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,39027,029266, Total22,850,0003,386,2008,388,4483,629,82915,404, Grand Total65,038,8108,538,31521,219,4527,750,91937,508,