Child, Family, School, and Community Socialization and Support 6 th ed. Chapter 12 SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL SOCIALIZATION OUTCOMES

SELF-REGULATION/BEHAVIORSELF-REGULATION/BEHAVIOR Self-regulation the ability to regulate one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place or object is available. Self-regulation the ability to regulate one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place or object is available.

SELF-REGULATION/BEHAVIORSELF-REGULATION/BEHAVIOR Theories of the development of aggressive behavior: Biological theories (Freud, Lorenz) Learning theories (Bandura) Information processing theories Social cognitive theory Ecological theories Theories of the development of aggressive behavior: Biological theories (Freud, Lorenz) Learning theories (Bandura) Information processing theories Social cognitive theory Ecological theories

SELF-REGULATION/BEHAVIOR WAYS OF STUDYING AGGRESSION Social-cognitive model identifies mediating responses within the individual Ecological model recognizes the complexity of variables that interact within the child’s culture (child, family, school, community) Social-cognitive model identifies mediating responses within the individual Ecological model recognizes the complexity of variables that interact within the child’s culture (child, family, school, community)

SELF-REGULATION/BEHAVIOR PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR Altruism behavior that is kind, considerate, generous, and helpful to others. Altruism behavior that is kind, considerate, generous, and helpful to others.

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG Moral code develops through social interaction and reflects one’s ability to distinguish and act on right and wrong. Moral code develops through social interaction and reflects one’s ability to distinguish and act on right and wrong.

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG (Cont’d) Piaget’s theory of moral development: children’s moral reasoning shifts from the belief that one is subject to another’s law to the belief that one is subject to one’s own law or internal control Piaget’s theory of moral development: children’s moral reasoning shifts from the belief that one is subject to another’s law to the belief that one is subject to one’s own law or internal control Heteronymous morality to Autonomous morality

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG (Cont’d) Kohlberg’s theory of moral development Kohlberg concluded there are three levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) with six stages associated with changes in the individual’s intellectual development.

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG INFLUENCES ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT Several researchers believe one’s moral code develops through social interaction Several researchers believe one’s moral code develops through social interaction

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG INFLUENCES ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT Situational context the situation an individual is in often influences actual moral behavior. Temperament, self-control, and self-esteem moral development may be affected by an individual’s temperament, self-control and self-esteem Situational context the situation an individual is in often influences actual moral behavior. Temperament, self-control, and self-esteem moral development may be affected by an individual’s temperament, self-control and self-esteem

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG INFLUENCES ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT (Cont’d) Age, intelligence, social factors, and emotions moral reasoning is affected by all of these factors. Family child-rearing methods have an impact on the moral development of children. Age, intelligence, social factors, and emotions moral reasoning is affected by all of these factors. Family child-rearing methods have an impact on the moral development of children.

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG INFLUENCES ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT (Cont’d) Peers peer relationships provide reciprocity. School school’s influence moral development through their programs and their teachers. –Reasoning –Modeling –Group discussions Peers peer relationships provide reciprocity. School school’s influence moral development through their programs and their teachers. –Reasoning –Modeling –Group discussions

MORALS - ENCOMPASS AN INDIVIDUAL’S EVALUATION OF WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG INFLUENCES ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT (Cont’d) Mass media television is a significant socializing agent. Community moral development is influenced by cultural ideology in one’s community. Mass media television is a significant socializing agent. Community moral development is influenced by cultural ideology in one’s community.

GENDER ROLES Gender role qualities individuals understand to characterize males and females in their culture. Gender role qualities individuals understand to characterize males and females in their culture.

GENDER ROLES (Cont’d) Theories of gender role development  Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)  Social learning or social cognitive theory (Mischel, Bandura)  Cognitive-Development theory (Kohlberg)  Gender schema theory (Bem, Martin, Halverson) Theories of gender role development  Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)  Social learning or social cognitive theory (Mischel, Bandura)  Cognitive-Development theory (Kohlberg)  Gender schema theory (Bem, Martin, Halverson)

MALES more aggressive exhibit greater visual-spatial ability than females FEMALES exhibit greater verbal ability than males Socialization Practices Maximize Gender Differences Girls and Boys Are Channeled Into Sex-typed Behaviors MALES more aggressive exhibit greater visual-spatial ability than females FEMALES exhibit greater verbal ability than males Socialization Practices Maximize Gender Differences Girls and Boys Are Channeled Into Sex-typed Behaviors GENDER ROLES GENDER ROLE RESEARCH

Family influences sex typing: Paternal involvement Maternal work status Sex typing of parental roles in the home Peers reinforce gender stereotyping Peers encourage sex segregation Family influences sex typing: Paternal involvement Maternal work status Sex typing of parental roles in the home Peers reinforce gender stereotyping Peers encourage sex segregation GENDER ROLES INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER ROLES

Teachers treat boys and girls differently. Boys rewarded for achievement Girls rewarded for more compliance Mass media portrays gender stereotypes Pictorial media Print media Popular music Interactive media Teachers treat boys and girls differently. Boys rewarded for achievement Girls rewarded for more compliance Mass media portrays gender stereotypes Pictorial media Print media Popular music Interactive media GENDER ROLES INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER ROLES (Cont’d)

The community influences gender-role development through: its attitudes regarding what is appropriate behavior for males and females its gender-role models The community influences gender-role development through: its attitudes regarding what is appropriate behavior for males and females its gender-role models GENDER ROLES INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER ROLES (Cont’d)