Heterotroph Nutrition Slide #1 All the activities by which an organism obtains and uses food from the environment for growth and repair of cells Ingestion-take in Digestion-breakdown Egestion-removal of waste Honors quiz: give meal, list enzymes that digest through tract through absorption

Amoeba Phagocytosis (solid) / Pinocytosis (liquid) Ingestion: Slide #2 Phagocytosis (solid) / Pinocytosis (liquid) Ingestion: Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Digestion: Egestion: Exocytosis

Pseudo= false and Pod = foot Types of Ingestion or Endocytosis: Pinocytosis (cell drinking) Process where cell membrane “pinches in” drawing molecules into the cell forming a pinocytic vesicle Phagocytosis (cell eating) Process where pseudopods of a cell flow around matter and engulf it forming a food vacuole. Vesicle/vacuole can fuse with lysosome Phagocytosis: ameba, white blood cell Pseudo= false and Pod = foot Pseudopod = false foot

Amoeba Slide #3 Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis Requires Energy ATP

Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Paramecium Slide #4 Cilia beat food into oral groove and gullet forms food vacuole Ingestion: Digestion: Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Egestion: Waste out anal pore

Nutrients Slide #5 The substances in food that an organism needs and uses for its life functions

How do we get the nutrients we need to maintain life activities????? Slide #6 Function of Nutrients They act as a fuel to provide energy for the life activities of cells They supply chemicals needed for growth and repair of cells They regulate proper functioning of the cell How do we get the nutrients we need to maintain life activities?????

Human Digestive System Slide #7 Human Digestive System Alimentary Canal: (Extra-cellular Digestion) Tube within a tube body construction Mouth Accessory Organs Pharynx Salivary Glands Esophagus Pancreas Stomach Liver Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

Human Digestive system Slide #8 Pharynx Salivary Glands Mouth Esophagus Teeth/Tongue Liver Stomach Gall Bladder Pancreas Colon Large Intestine Small Intestine Appendix Rectum Anus

Mechanical Digestion: breaks foods into smaller pieces Slide #9 Mouth & Pharynx: Click to enlarge Mechanical Digestion: breaks foods into smaller pieces - increases surface area - chewing, grinding, crushing (tongue) Chemical Digestion: Saltine cracker demonstration/mini lab. Starch  maltose (enzyme amylase) - salivary glands release amylase (starch  maltose) (works best at pH 8) Note: Epiglottis covers opening of trachea

Which type of digestion is the following? Slide #10 Chewing a saltine? - 2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of glucose? - 3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart? 4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the hamburger into amino acids? Mechanical Chemical Chemical---hydrolysis Mechanical Chemical

- connects pharynx to stomach - peristalsis Slide #11 Esophagus: - connects pharynx to stomach - peristalsis (wave of muscular contractions of alimentary canal)

Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach Slide #12 Stomach: (holds 2 liters of food) Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach Chemical Digestion – glands Gastric Gland secretes acidic gastric juices (pH 2) contains HCl contains enzyme pepsin (proteins  smaller polypeptides)

Stomach Factoids What stimulates gastric juice flow? 1) thought, Slide #13 What stimulates gastric juice flow? 1) thought, smell, sight, and taste 2) food entering the stomach 3) food touching stomach lining Stomach Factoids liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes Still, the epithelium is continually eroded, and the epithelium is completely replaced by mitosis every three days. solids pass through in 2-6 hours Hunger pains are churning of empty stomach Ulcer caused by excess gastric juice digesting part of stomach wall

Gastric Bypass Surgery Slide #14                          Small Intestine

Chemical Digestion (most) Absorption of Nutrients Slide #15 Small Intestine: - Length = 6.5 meters - Diameter = 2.5 cm - pH 8 Functions: Chemical Digestion (most) Absorption of Nutrients Peristalsis: moves food through intestine mixes food with enzymes mechanical digestion speeds up absorption

Small Intestine Slide #16                                                                                 

Pancreatic juices from pancreas (*enzymes*) Slide #17 Liver Gallbladder Food mixes with: Bile from liver Pancreatic juices from pancreas (*enzymes*) Intestinal juices from intestinal glands (*enzymes*) Bile: - produced by liver - stored in gallbadder - released into upper small intestine Break down fat: inc. surface area for lipases Bile: acts like a soap to break down fat, no enzymes Function: Emulsification of fats (break into droplets) Neutralizes acidic contents from stomach

Small Intestine

Circulatory System uses (CAPILLARIES) to absorb:: Absorption: Slide #18 Circulatory System uses (CAPILLARIES) to absorb:: simple sugars (glucose) amino acids vitamins minerals

Adaptations that increase surface area of intestine: Length Slide #19 Adaptations that increase surface area of intestine: Length (6.5 meters or 21 feet) Lining has folds Villi (finger-like projections on folded lining) Surface area sponge demo Absorption involves diffusion and active transport

Slide #20 Regent’s Practice The pancreas is an organ connected to the digestive tract of humans by a duct through which digestive enzymes flow. These enzymes are important to the digestive system because they: Form proteins needed in the stomach Form the acids that break down food Change food substances into molecules that can pass into the bloodstream and cells Change food materials into wastes that can be passed out of the body.

No digestion occurs here Function: Absorption of water Large Intestine: Colon Slide #21 Length = 1.5 meters Diameter = 6 cm No digestion occurs here Function: Absorption of water - Diarrhea (too little absorption) - Constipation (too much absorption) Bacteria produce vitamin K and various vitamin B Note: Appendix is attached between small and large intestine (vestigial organ)

the quest for Polyps Slide #22 Colonoscopy:

Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) Slide #23 Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts.

Removal Colon Polyps_) Slide #24 Removal Colon Polyps_) You may be more likely to get colon polyps if you: eat a lot of fatty foods smoke drink alcohol don’t exercise weigh too much

temporary storage of feces (stool) Rectum: Slide #25 temporary storage of feces (stool) feces is primarily undigested material Anus: (anal sphincter) releases waste into environment (egestion/defecate)

End Products of Digestion (Hydrolysis) Slide #26 End Products of Digestion (Hydrolysis) Proteins  Carbohydrates  Lipids  amino acids glucose fatty acids + glycerol

Slide #27 Regent’s Practice Organic compounds, such as proteins and starches, are too A to diffuse into cells. Proteins are digested to B and starches are digested to C. A. A- large, B-simple sugars, C- amino acids B. A- small, B-simple sugars, C-amino acids C. A-large, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars D. A-small, B-amino acids, C-simple sugars

Disorders of the Digestive Tract Slide #28 3 minute video on digestive disorders Body Atlas: Digestive Problems

Heartburn ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus. Slide #29 Cardiac sphincter

Constipation To much water is absorbed by the large intestine. Slide #30 Constipation To much water is absorbed by the large intestine. Also can exist due to lack of roughage. Results in solid/hardened stool

Diarrhea Results in an increased watery feces. Slide #31 Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine. Results in an increased watery feces.

Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the Slide #32 An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the gall bladder. Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically removed

Nutritional Requirements Slide #33 Nutritional Requirements RDA- recommended daily allowance intake level of a nutrient considered sufficient

Slide #34 Nutritional requirements vary with individuals: age sex height weight activities 37

Recommended Daily Calories For Men Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity : Slide #35 5'4 119-155 2,548 5'5 133-160 2,596 5'6 127-164 2,644 5'7 131-169 2,692 5'8 135-174 2,740 5'9 139-179 2,788 5'10 143-184 2,836 5'11 147-188 2,884 6'0 151-193 2,932 6'1 155-198 2,980 6'2 159-203 3,028 6'3 163-208 3,076 6'4 167-212 3,124 6'5 171-217 3,172 6'6 175-222 3,220 38

Recommended Daily Calories For Women Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity : Slide #36 4'11 90-120 2,100 5'0 93-124 2,133 5'1 97-128 2,177 5'2 100-132 2,210 5'3 104-137 2,254 5'4 107-140 2,287 5'5 111-145 2,331 5'6 114-149 2,364 5'7 118-154 2,408 5'8 121-157 2,441 5'9 125-162 2,485 5'10 128-166 2,518 5'10 128-166 2,518 5'11 132-170 2,562 6'0 135-174 2,595 6'1 139-178 2,639 6'2 142-182 2,672 39

Fast Food Nutritional Info Slide #37 Whopper w.Cheese 760 CAL. Vanilla Shake – small 360 CAL Super Size Fries 540 CAL Diet Coke 0 CAL Supposed to be: 1660 CAL 40

Fast Food Nutritional Info Slide #38 Regular Slice Cheese Pizza 380 Cal Regular Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal Regular Slice Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL Supposed to be: 1302 CAL 41

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