By Albert Chen and Anne Ning Porifera a.k.a. “Pore bearers,” or sponges By Albert Chen and Anne Ning http://www.southerncrafter.com/Bath%20Puff%20Sponges%20Assorted.gif Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. Biology. 7th ed. San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings, 2005. (textbook used on all slides) http://www.southerncrafter.com/Bath%20Puff%20Sponges%20Assorted.gif

Sponges Albert Chen Anne Ning http://blogs.discovery.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/10/29/ejb_051802_038_thumb_2.jpg

Body Cavity One central cavity called a spongocoel Water enters the spongocoel through porocytes Albert Chen Anne Ning http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/141995_Porifera.jpg

Body Symmetry Nervous System Gas Exchange None None Individual cells respond to the environment Gas Exchange Individual cells obtain the oxygen they need from their surroundings Albert Chen Anne Ning http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Porifera/Images/rigida.jpg (left) http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPorifera/PoriVarietyp.gif (right)

Circulatory System Water is circulated by the movement of choanocyte flagella Nutrients from the water are circulated by amoebocytes Albert Chen Anne Ning http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/biologicaldiverstity/AnimalsI/sponge_1.gif

Digestive System Suspension feeders Choanocytes move water, catch suspended food with their collars, and ingest it through phagocytosis. Food is then transferred to amoebocytes (with pseudopodia) that digest it and transport its nutrients to other cells. Albert Chen Anne Ning http://www.planula.com.au/2004/12/11/sponges-more-than-just-a-bathroom-accessory/

Excretory System Possess large openings called oscula from which water (and waste) leave Albert Chen Anne Ning http://www.richard-seaman.com/Underwater/Belize/StillLifes/TubeSpongesThreeOrange.jpg

Locomotion/Musculature No muscles Flagellated choanocytes create water currents that bring water in to the spongocoel Osculum can be closed Sponges do not move They are so stationary that the ancient Greeks mistook them for plants Albert Chen Anne Ning http://uwnews.org/uweek/article.aspx?id=35774

Skeletal Type Amoebocytes produce skeletal fibers within the mesohyl Spicules (sharp) are made from calcium carbonate or silica Fibers produced from spongin are more flexible Albert Chen Anne Ning Invertebrate biology [1077-8306] Calcinai year: 2006 vol: 125 issue: 3 pg: 195 -204

Reproduction Sponges are hermaphrodites— produce both sperm and eggs (one gender at a time) Gametes are produced by choanocytes or amoebocytes Eggs stay in mesohyl while sperm leave through osculum. (no self-fertilization) Larvae swim (or crawl) somewhere, stick, and develop into sessile adults. They can also reproduce asexually by releasing fragments of adult sponge (gemmules) that can become individual sponges Albert Chen Anne Ning "The Sponges (Phylum Porifera)." The Earth Life Web. Web. 10 Mar. 2010. <http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/porifera.html>. http://www.richard-seaman.com/Underwater/Belize/StillLifes/

Additional Information Sponges are involved in symbiosis with algae. In some examples, the “alga represents the main skeleton of the sponge.” Size—wide range from 1cm to 2m. 9000 species in this phylum, most live in the ocean. Sponges can produce antibiotics to defend against pathogens Few predators because of toxins Albert Chen Anne Ning Invertebrate biology [1077-8306] Calcinai year: 2006 vol: 125 issue: 3 page: 195 -204 http://www.ambergriscaye.com/photogallery/art/Azure%20Vase%20Sponge-elbert.jpg

Taxonomy One taxonomic scheme: Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea Order Calcinia Order Calcaronia Class Hexactinellida Order Amphidiscophora Order Hexasterophora Class Demospongiae Order Homoscleromorpha Order Tetractinomorpha Order Ceractinomorpha Albert Chen Anne Ning "The Sponges (Phylum Porifera)." The Earth Life Web. Web. 10 Mar. 2010. <http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/porifera.html>. http://funscubadiver.com/gallery/bonaire-scuba-photo/bonaire-purple-tube-sponge.jpg

QUIZ – Question 1 Which of the animal phyla has no true tissues? Porifera Cnidaria Rotifera Annelida Albert Chen Anne Ning

ANSWER: a) Porifera Albert Chen Anne Ning

QUIZ – Question 2 Which invertebrate has no true symmetry? Porifera Mollusca Echinodermata Rotifera Albert Chen Anne Ning

ANSWER: a) Porifera Albert Chen Anne Ning

QUIZ – Question 3 Are Porifera protostomes or deuterostomes? Both Neither Albert Chen Anne Ning

ANSWER: d) Neither Albert Chen Anne Ning

QUIZ – Question 4 Which cells in sponges help to circulate water? Osculum Spicules Amoebocytes Choanocytes Albert Chen Anne Ning

ANSWER: d) Choanocytes Albert Chen Anne Ning http://i478.photobucket.com/albums/rr146/Briasaur/YEAH.jpg