Automated Traffic Enforcement in the United States Dr. Anthony Kane Director of Engineering and Technical Services American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials at IBEC, ITS World Congress London, England October 8, 2006

Overview Safety “Progress” in the United States Safety “Progress” in the United States Range of Automated Driver Enforcement/ Behavior Tools Range of Automated Driver Enforcement/ Behavior Tools Common Success Factors Common Success Factors Issues Issues References References

About one-third of all fatalities occur in speeding-related crashes in the USA

Automated Enforcement in Use Red Light Running STATES Red Light Running STATES In use 23 In use 23 Statewide Authorized 14 Statewide Authorized 14 Speed Speed Freeway Work Zones IL Freeway Work Zones IL School Zones/ Residential10 School Zones/ Residential10 Intersections ? Intersections ? Freeways (AZ, DC) Freeways (AZ, DC)

Illinois Photo Enforcement Work Zone Fines Apply Work Zone Fines Apply Workers Present Workers Present No Restriction on Time of Day No Restriction on Time of Day WZ Must be Signed WZ Must be Signed

ILLINOISILLINOISL

Automated Enforcement in Use (Cont’d) STATES STATES Rail-Grade Crossing 3 Rail-Grade Crossing 3 ( authorized, but not in use) ( authorized, but not in use) Toll Booths Many Toll Booths Many Truck Safety/ Size Many Truck Safety/ Size Many and Weight and Weight

U.S. Cities Using Speed Cameras Arizona: Mesa, Paradise Valley, Phoenix, Scottsdale, Tempe Arizona: Mesa, Paradise Valley, Phoenix, Scottsdale, Tempe California: San Jose California: San Jose Colorado: Boulder, Denver, Ft. Collins Colorado: Boulder, Denver, Ft. Collins Iowa: Davenport Iowa: Davenport Maryland: Montgomery County Maryland: Montgomery County New Mexico: Albuquerque New Mexico: Albuquerque North Carolina: Charlotte-Mecklenburg North Carolina: Charlotte-Mecklenburg Ohio: Northwood, Toledo Ohio: Northwood, Toledo Oregon: Beaverton, Medford, Portland Oregon: Beaverton, Medford, Portland Tennessee: Jackson, Red Bank Tennessee: Jackson, Red Bank Washington DC Source: IIHS Washington DC Source: IIHS

Evaluation of speed cameras in Washington, D.C. Percent change at camera sites relative to control 6 months after enforcement average speed proportion exceeding speed limit by 11+ mph Source: IIHS

Other Automated Driver Behavior Tools STATES Speed Warning (mainline) Many Speed Warning (mainline) Many Speed/ Truck Warning (curves) Many Speed/ Truck Warning (curves) Many Dynamic Speed (DMS Signs) Few Dynamic Speed (DMS Signs) Few Alcohol Interlock for Convicted 21 Offenders (43 states allow) Alcohol Interlock for Convicted 21 Offenders (43 states allow) HOV Lane Use None HOV Lane Use None

Common Success Factors with Automated Speed Enforcement Use where Safety Problems Exist Use where Safety Problems Exist “Correct” Engineered Speed Limit “Correct” Engineered Speed Limit Top Level Support (Police, Politicians, Transport, Businesses) Top Level Support (Police, Politicians, Transport, Businesses) Technology “Correct” Technology “Correct” “Police” Somewhere in Ticket Chain “Police” Somewhere in Ticket Chain

Common Success Factors with Automated Speed Enforcement (cont’d) “Fair” Return for Vendors “Fair” Return for Vendors Safety/ Traffic Use of “Profit” Safety/ Traffic Use of “Profit” Advance Warning Signs Used Advance Warning Signs Used Metrics Used Metrics Used Before/ After Before/ After Site/ Area-wide Site/ Area-wide Tell the Story Tell the Story Start Small – Build Public Support Start Small – Build Public Support

Issues in the United States Slow Penetration Slow Penetration “Federal” System of Government “Federal” System of Government – 52 “Countries” – 52 “Countries” “ Individual Rights” “ Individual Rights” Attitude in State Legislatures Attitude in State Legislatures Poor Public Sector B/C Poor Public Sector B/C Analyses/ “Stories” Analyses/ “Stories”

Beware of Hostile Reactions Manchester, England: Driver blows up “fake” camera -- gets caught Canada: Photo radar van vandalized Hong Kong: Automated license plate covers Australia: False and defaced license plates

U.S. Federal Government References Guides developed by Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Guides developed by Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Red Light Camera Systems: Operational Guidelines, January 2005 Red Light Camera Systems: Operational Guidelines, January 2005 Automated Speed Enforcement System Operational Guidelines, January 2007 Automated Speed Enforcement System Operational Guidelines, January 2007

Other Example References Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Insurance Institute for Highway Safety The National Campaign to Stop Red Light Running The National Campaign to Stop Red Light Running “Speed Cameras: An Effectiveness and Policy Review” David K. Willis, Center for Transportation Safety, Texas A&M, May 2006 “Speed Cameras: An Effectiveness and Policy Review” David K. Willis, Center for Transportation Safety, Texas A&M, May 2006