Shrimp- Seaweed Polyculture in Hawaii Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D. President, World Aquaculture Society Visiting Fulbright Scholar, Asian Institute of Technology Professor, University of Arizona Seminar, Aquatic Resources Research Institute Chulalongkorn University Sept 23, 2004

Research location - Moloka’i

Molokai Aquaculture Project F Seaweed production F Seaweed nursery F Fish culture F Integrated seaweed-shrimp culture

Gracilaria parvispora F Introduced from Japan F Commonly called long ogo or long limu F Wild harvest in Hawaii by Japanese, Filipinos and Native Hawaiians

Goals of the Moloka’i Project F Cottage industry for Native Hawaiians in rural Hawaii. F Re-introduce a traditional food to the Hawaiian diet. F Market to chefs producing native dishes for tourist trade. F Provide economic incentive to protect ancient Hawaiian Fish Ponds

Cages stocked in Uahaulapue Fish Pond

Simple cage construction

Gracilaria being washed in cage

Rinsing Gracilaria at harvest

Packing Gracilaria for off-island markets

Seaweed market outlet

w/ Tuna w/ Octopus Kimchi Blanched w/cucumber and oil w/ Ono

Environmental impacts from conventional shrimp culture F Effluents and nutrient enrichment. F Destruction of mangroves. F Diseases, exotic species, genetic contamination. F Changes in estuarine flow patterns. Green Peace says

Ohia shrimp farm pond

Ohia shrimp farm F Slightly inland - behind mangroves (which are not native to Hawaii) F Effluent goes to through drain channel to leach channel. F Effluent filters through porous soil and coral rubble, into ocean.

Drain channel and leach channel

Gracilaria was stocked into effluent drain and leach pond F Gracilaria was removed from cages in ponds. F Individual thalli were weighed and stocked into effluent channel at 4 kg/m 3. F Thalli were weighed weekly. F Samples were taken for C:N determination. F Water samples analyzed for NH 4, NO 3, PO 4 and turbidity.

Ave. water quality in effluent channel F NH 4 = 62 mmol m 3 (1.1 mg/l) F NO 3 = 2.9 mmol m 3 (0.2 mg/l) F PO 4 = 3.7 mmol m 3 (0.35 mg/l) F Turbidity = 4.0 NTU

Nitrogen content increase in thalli (% N)

G. parvispora growth in effluent channel F 4.7 % daily relative growth rate F Nitrogen content increased from 1.3% to 3.1% F C:N ratio decreased from 30:1 to 10:1

G. parvispora returned to cages in ponds F Treatment 1: Thalli from effluent channel stocked into cages stocked in pond F Treatment 2: Thalli fertilized in on shore tanks with commercial fertilizers, stocked into pond F Treatment 3: Thalli placed in tanks, no fertilizer, returned to cages in pond

Cages stocked in pond after soaking in shrimp farm effluent

Relative daily growth rates over 4 weeks

Results F Thalli in effluent channel removed (fixed) 3 kg of N per every 100 kg of seaweed placed in channel. F G. parvispora in channel grew 4.7 % per day. F G. parvispora fertilized in channel and stocked back into cages in pond, grew 9.7% per day for first week.

Conclusions F G. parvispora can grow in effluent channels and remove large amounts of nitrogen. F The seaweed probably also removes significant amounts of other pollutants (nutrients). F G. parvispora can be fertilized in channel and placed in cages in ponds for rapid growth.

Conclusions F Gracilaria can also be used at salmon farms to reduce wastes, algae yield of 49 kg m 2 per year (Buschmann et al., 2001). F We are also testing at experimental farms in Mexico and Eritrea. F Shrimp and fish farms integrated with seaweed production should be economically and ecologically sustainable.

Acknowledgments F USDA-SARE F Office of Hawaiian Affairs F Ke Kua Aina Limu Growers Coop