The power of intuition (Selwyn’s that is). Selwyn’s career goal #__: What does the asthenosphere have to do with earthquakes, crustal motions, and mantle.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Do Now # 4 What is the difference between convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries?

Advertisements

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

Scaling of viscous shear zones with depth dependent viscosity and power law stress strain-rate dependence James Moore and Barry Parsons.

GEO 5/6690 Geodynamics 12 Nov 2014 © A.R. Lowry 2014 Read for Fri 14 Nov: T&S Last Time: Te and Rheology Key point of Willett et al. papers: T.

Challenges in Achieving Height Modernization in Alaska Crustal Deformation Has Invalidated Much of the Historical Data Jeff Freymueller Geophysical Institute,

GEO 5/6690 Geodynamics 05 Nov 2014 © A.R. Lowry 2014 Read for Fri 7 Nov: T&S Last Time: Flexural Isostasy Tharsis example Is the Tharsis province.

Active Folding within the L.A. Basin with a focus on: Argus et al. (2005), Interseismic strain accumulation and anthropogenic motion in metropolitan Los.

Strength of the Lithosphere

The Layers of the Earth!.

NEW MADRID: A dying fault? GPS seismology geology Heat flow Recent data, taken together, suggest that the New Madrid seismic zone may be shutting down.

Stress, Strain, Elasticity and Faulting Lecture 11/23/2009 GE694 Earth Systems Seminar.

NEW MADRID: A dying fault? GPS seismology geology Heat flow Recent data, taken together, suggest that the New Madrid seismic zone may be shutting down.

Glacial Rebound Glacial Rebound Studies depend on many factors. What are they ? Ice load History of the load Ocean water load on coastlines and globally.

Earthquake interaction The domino effect Stress transfer and the Coulomb Failure Function Aftershocks Dynamic triggering Volcano-seismic coupling.

Using Geodetic Rates in Seismic Hazard Mapping March 30, Geodetic and Geologic slip rate estimates for earthquake hazard assessment in Southern California.

Observing an Earthquake Cycle Within a Decade

Rheology rheology What is rheology ? From the root work “rheo-” Current: flow Greek: rhein, to flow (river) Like rheostat – flow of current.

Stress III The domino effect Stress transfer and the Coulomb Failure Function Aftershocks Dynamic triggering Volcano-seismic coupling.

Plate Tectonics. Earth’s Interior Earth is made of layers Crust Upper Mantle (asthenosphere ) Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Scientists discovered these.

Plate tectonics and plume tectonics by H. SAIBI 14 May, 2014.

Roland Burgmann and Georg Dresen

 ss=  * +(a-b) ln(V/V * ) a-b > 0 stable sliding a-b < 0 slip is potentially unstable Correspond to T~300 °C For Quartzo- Feldspathic rocks Stationary.

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics.  The Earth is made up of 3 main layers:  Core  Mantle  Crust 46.6% Oxygen; 27.7% Silica; 8.1% Aluminum;

Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior Chapter 8

SISMA Seismic Information System for Monitoring and Alert Galileian Plus Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Milano, Italy Politecnico di.

Inside the Earth Earth has three main layers

Earth's Internal Structure → Layers core mantle crust These are identified using seismic waves p-waves & s-waves.

Intraplate Seismicity Finite element modeling. Introduction Spatial patterns (Fig. 1) –Randomly scattered (Australia) –Isolated “seismic zones” (CEUS)

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. How do we know what the Earth is made of? Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetics, electrical,

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

Rheology of the Earth. Schedule Rheology Viscous, elastic & plastic Viscous, elastic & plastic Deformation maps and “Christmas tree’s” for mantle & lithosphere.

Robust Quantification of Earthquake Clustering: Overcoming the Artifacts of Catalog Errors Ilya Zaliapin Department of Mathematics and Statistics University.

Random stress and Omori's law Yan Y. Kagan Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Abstract We consider two statistical.

How Faulting Keeps Crust Strong? J. Townend & M.D. Zoback, 2000 Geology.

Time-variable Deformation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (why there, why now?) Eric Calais, Andy Freed, Purdue University Seth Stein, Northwestern University.

Schuyler Ozbick. wake-up-call /

Sio.ucsd.edu Lake Loading Impact on the San Andreas Fault SIO Geodynamics By: Bill Savran and Chris Trautner 12 December 2012.

Using GPS and InSAR to study tectonics, deformation, and earthquakes GPS displacements, velocities (and transients) InSAR displacements.

TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE: A SURPRISE? Yan Y. Kagan and David D. Jackson Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Abstract.

Elizabeth H. Hearn, UBC, Vancouver, CANADA in collaboration with Semih Ergintav, Marmara Research Centre, Gebze, TURKEY Robert Reilinger, MIT, Cambridge.

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

Earthquakes Vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy.

Earthquakes and crustal Deformation - Objectives of class- Introduce a variety of techniques to describe ‘quantitatively’ deformation of the lithosphere.

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. How do we know what the Earth is made of? Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetics, electrical,

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Earth’s Systems Biosphere- Living organisms on Earth Atmosphere- Layers of gases surrounding Earth Hydrosphere-

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

I. Layers Defined by Composition 8.4 Earth’s Layered Structure  A) Earth’s interior consists of 3 major zones (chemical composition).

GeoFEM Kinematic Earthquake Cycle Modeling in the Japanese Islands Hirahara, K. (1), H. Suito (1), M. Hyodo (1) M. Iizuka (2) and H. Okuda (3) (1) Nagoya.

Random stress and Omori's law Yan Y. Kagan Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles Abstract We consider two statistical.

Jacqueline Austermann Harriet Lau, Jerry Mitrovica CIDER community workshop, May 6 th 2016 Image credit: Mike Beauregard Towards reconciling viscosity.

Earth’s Interior EQ: Describe the different layers of the earth. Explain how scientist learned about these layers.

Standards: 3a. Know features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea floor topography) provide evidence of plate tectonics. 3b. Know the principal.

Rock mechanics view of a seismogenic fault zone

Plate Tectonics.

Samik Sil (1) and Jeffrey T. Freymueller(2)

Alaska 1964 Earthquake Tectonic Deformation

Plate Tectonic Theory Picture Vocabulary Earth and Space.

Earth’s Interior EQ: Describe the different layers of the earth. Explain how scientist learned about these layers.

Earthquakes & Volcanoes

Roland Bürgmann and Georg Dresen

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer core.

A numerical scale used to measure the magnitude or energy released

Presentation transcript:

The power of intuition (Selwyn’s that is)

Selwyn’s career goal #__: What does the asthenosphere have to do with earthquakes, crustal motions, and mantle convection?

Upper crust Lower crust Upper mantle Upper crust Lower crust Upper mantle Figures courtesy of Liz Hearn

Time (years) Elastic crust Viscoelastic asthenosphere Viscoelastic upper mantle Steve Cohen Cohen (1992) Far field Near field Horizontal Stress

“Physics says that the lower crust and upper mantle have to relax the coseismic stresses imparted by an earthquake”

“A significant correlation is found, in both space and time, between the intraplate (land) and interplate (sea, thrust zone only) earthquakes in Tohoku, NE Japan that has persisted since the times of reliably reported events in AD The correlation peaks at a land-lead of about 36 yr...” Earthquake-pattern inference of rheology Rydelek and Sacks (1990) Paul Rydelek

Rydelek and Sacks (1990) Magnitude

Rydelek and Sacks (1990)

Post-earthquake mantle relaxation (1896 Riku-U eq.) Rydelek and Sacks (1990)

Paradigm shift in Earth’s continental tectonics, from Time-independent crustal deformation, punctuated only by crustal earthquakes and associated localized brittle/plastic deformation, to… Time-dependent crustal deformation, involving deep-seated, ductile flow and associated broadscale deformation

Pollitz, F. F., and I. S. Sacks, Modeling of postseismic relaxation following the Great 1857 Earthquake, southern California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, , Pollitz, F. F., and I. S. Sacks, Fault model of the 1891 Nobi earthquake from historic triangulation and leveling, J. Phys. Earth, 42, 1-43, Pollitz, F. F., and I. S. Sacks, Consequences of stress changes following the 1891 Nobi earthquake, Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85, , Pollitz, F. F., and I. S. Sacks, Viscosity structure beneath northeast Iceland, J. Geophys. Res, 101, 17,771-17,793, Pollitz, F. F., and I. S. Sacks, The 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake: A long-delayed aftershock of the offshore 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankaido earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 87, 1- 10, Pollitz, F. F., and I. S. Sacks, Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92, , 2002.

“Asthenosphere relaxation must lead to long-range transfer of crustal stress from one fault to another”

Reduced friction  1995 earthquake triggering

1944/1646 to 1995 postseismic stress change bars

Pollitz and Sacks (1997)Heinze and Sacks (1979)

Geodetic inference of rheology

1999 M7.1 Hector Mine earthquake

Freed and Burgmann (2004) Post-earthquake (M Hector Mine eq.) Andy Freed (Purdue Univ.)

Post-earthquake (M Hebgen Lake, Idaho, earthquake) Nishimura and Thatcher (2003)

Post-lake-filling (1935: Lake Mead, Nevada) Kaufmann and Amelung (2000) 200 mm subsidence from

Gourmelen and Amelung (2005) Post-earthquake ( ; Central Nevada Seismic Zone)

Post-earthquake ( ; Central Nevada Seismic Zone) Elastic thickness (km)Lower crust viscosity (Pa s) Underlying layer viscosity (Pa s) Gourmelen and Amelung (2005)

Geologic inference of rheology

Figures courtesy of Bruce Bills

Post-lacustrine unloading (Paleolake Lahontan, Nevada)

2m 4m Adams et al. (1999), Bills et al. (2007) Up to 15m uplift since 15 kyrBP

Bills et al. (2007) Post-lacustrine unloading (Paleolake Lahontan, Nevada) High-viscosity crust Low-viscosity mantle

Bills et al. (1994) Post-lacustrine unloading (Paleolake Bonneville, Utah)

James et al. (2000) Post-glacial rebound

Modified from Dixon et al. (2004) Jacqueline DixonTim Dixon

Goes and van der Lee (2002)

Paradigm shift in Earth’s continental tectonics, from Time-independent crustal deformation, punctuated only by crustal earthquakes and associated localized brittle/plastic deformation, to… Time-dependent crustal deformation, involving deep-seated, ductile flow and associated broadscale deformation

“Rheology of the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle: Evidence from Rock Mechanics, Geodesy and Field Observations”, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. (2008) Roland BurgmannGeorg Dresen

American Geophysical Union 2010 Fall Meeting Linking Geodetic Observations to Mechanical Properties of the Lithosphere: New Methods and Models I, II Wayne ThatcherLiz HearnEric HetlandSylvain BarbotYuri Fialko

SCEC Workshop on Ductile Rheology of the Southern California Lithosphere (May 1-2, 2013) Wayne ThatcherLiz HearnGreg Hirth