Peeking into the crust of a neutron star Nathalie DegenaarUniversity of Michigan X-ray observations Interior properties Thermal evolution.

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Presentation transcript:

Peeking into the crust of a neutron star Nathalie DegenaarUniversity of Michigan X-ray observations Interior properties Thermal evolution

Neutron stars in transient X-ray binaries Quiescence : No/little accretion Faint X-ray emission Accretion outburst: Rapid accretion Bright X-ray emission

Effect of accretion Nuclear reactions in the crust heat the neutron star 1 km 10 m cm 10 km ~2 MeV/nucl eon Image courtesy of Ed Brown

Thermal evolution crust Core Surface Depth Crust Temperature Movie courtesy of Ed Brown

What can we learn? Temperature profile: Magnitude + distribution heat  nuclear reactions  properties last outburst Cooling timescale: Heat conduction  crust structure Core temperature  Long-term accretion  Core cooling

Can we detect thermal relaxation of the heated crust? Best candidates: those with long outbursts

Crust cooling: 4 sources XTE J yr, ~10 38 erg/s EXO yr, ~10 36 erg/s KS yr, ~10 37 erg/s MXB yr, ~5x10 36 erg/s Time since accretion stopped (days) Neutron star temperature (eV)

What have we learned?  Crust cooling is observable!  Cooling timescale  conductive crust  organized ion lattice structure New challenges:  Conductive crust may be a problem  “superbursts” require high temperature  “superbursts” require high temperature Additional heating in outer crustal layers?

Crust cooling: 4 sources Time since accretion stopped (days) Neutron star temperature (eV) Differences due to outburst history? Can we build a census of crust? Observe and model more sources Practical issue: Rare opportunities

Can we observe this for “normal” transients with shorter outbursts?

Time since 2009 July 1 (days) MAXI intensity (counts/s/cm2) Globular cluster Terzan 5 Quiescence: before outburst Quiescence: After outburst Outburst IGR J Test case 10-week accretion outburst 2010 October-December 11-Hz pulsar: relatively strong magnetic field (but <10 11 G)

(Outburst: 2010 Oct-Dec) Initially enhanced, but decreasing Terzan 5 Thermal evolution: crust cooling?

(Outburst: 2010 Oct-Dec) Initially enhanced, but decreasing Cooling curve with standard heat: no match Thermal evolution: crust cooling?

(Outburst: 2010 Oct-Dec) Initially enhanced, but decreasing Cooling curve with standard heat: no match Cooling curve with extra shallow heat: much better! Thermal evolution: crust cooling!

(Outburst: 2010 Oct-Dec) Initially enhanced, but decreasing Cooling curve with standard heat: no match Cooling curve with extra shallow heat: much better! Thermal evolution: crust cooling! Quite high: Current models 2 MeV/nucleon Can be crust cooling, but: substantial heating at shallow depth required

Work in progress… Hope to continue observations Cooling is ongoing Model full curve: How much heat? Is it realistic?

Crust cooling: 4 sources XTE J yr, ~10 38 erg/s EXO yr, ~10 36 erg/s KS yr, ~10 37 erg/s MXB yr, ~5x10 36 erg/s Time since accretion stopped (days) Neutron star temperature (eV)

Crust cooling: 5 sources! XTE J yr, ~10 38 erg/s EXO yr, ~10 36 erg/s KS yr, ~10 37 erg/s MXB yr, ~5x10 36 erg/s Time since accretion stopped (days) Neutron star temperature (eV) 0.2 yr, ~10 38 erg/s

Crust cooling observable also after short outbursts! More source available for study Heating at shallow depth required: has been hypothesized May be large, what can it be? nuclear reactions, magnetic field, other?

Theoreticians:  Observations of three new sources  modeling, can explain differences/similarities?  modeling, can explain differences/similarities?  Source of extra heat release? Observers:  Continue monitoring current cooling neutron stars  Stay on the watch for new potential targets  Issue of residual accretion in quiescence Work to be done

Neutron stars in transient X-ray binaries:  Crust temporarily heated during accretion  Crust cooling observable in quiescence Latest results:  Crust cooling after short accretion outbursts  Additional heating in outer layers of the crust To take away

Are Terzan 5 and KS 1731 similar? Huge difference in outburst length: KS yr, ~10 37 erg/s Terzan yr, ~10 38 erg/s Time since accretion stopped (days) Neutron star temperature (eV)

Longer outburst  hotter crust KS yr, ~10 37 erg/s Terzan yr, ~10 38 erg/s > 50 times shorter! Less hot crust Should cool faster They should not be similar! Core Surface Depth crust

Long outburst: hot crust Page & Reddy ‘12 Longer outburst  hotter crust More likely to observe crust cooling Best candidates: neutron stars with long (>1 yr) outbursts Core Surface Depth crust