FINAL REVIEW: ROCKS & MINERALS 4. Igneous rocks are formed by: (1) weathering (3) volcanic activity (2) cementation (4) sedimentation 1. Which statement is true of all rocks? (1) Rocks contain organic material. (2) Rocks contain fossils. (3) Rocks are composed of minerals. (4) Rocks are formed in layers. 5. If shell fragments are found in a rock sample, it is most likely that the rock formed: (1) on a mountain slope (3) on a glacier (2) from magma (4) in shallow water 2. Weathering and erosion of Earth’s crust are primarily caused by (1) gravity (3) evaporation (2) volcanic activity (4) sedimentation 3. The diagram below shows a rock sample and an identification key. 6. In which type of rock are fossils generally found? (1) igneous (3) sedimentary (2) metamorphic (4) volcanic 7. Dust and ash entering the atmosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions can affect Earth’s (1) tidal activity (3) weather and climate (2) rotation and revolution (4) orbital shape Natural Cement Key Shell fragment Feldspar fragment Quartz fragment 8. Rocks are classified as igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary according to: (1) their color (3) how they formed (2) their shape (4) the minerals they contain This rock sample would best be classified as (1) volcanic (3) metamorphic (2) sedimentary (4) igneous 9. Rocks formed by heat & pressure are: (1) igneous (3) metamorphic (2) sedimentary (4) plutonic

10. The chart below compares three types of rocks 10. The chart below compares three types of rocks. The first column gives the rock classification. Which heading best describes the information provided in the second column? (1) Minerals in Rocks (2) The Value of Rocks (3) Method of Rock Formation (4) The Time Rocks Take to Form Rock Classification ??? Igneous melting and solidification of magma Sedimentary mechanical, chemical, or organic processes Metamorphic heat and/or pressure 11. The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a beach. Waves hitting on cliff Cliff eroding Beach Developing A B C Which process is mostly responsible for the breaking down of the rock cliff into sand-sized sediment? (1) weathering (3) folding (2) faulting (4) precipitation

13. The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. 12. The diagram below shows the rock cycle in Earth’s crust. Use this rock cycle diagram to fill in the rock types and method of formation that have been left blank in the chart below. Direction of penny movement Scratch Calcite Which physical property of the calcite is being tested?   (1) streak (3) melting point (2) hardness (4) reaction to acid   14. The way a mineral reflects light is its: (1) color (3) luster (2) streak (4) density Rock Type Method of Formation   melting and solidification deposition, compaction, & cementation Metamorphic 15. All rocks are made of one or more: (1) sediments (3) minerals (2) pebbles (4) fossils   16. The best way to identify a mineral is by its color. (1) True (2) False IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY HEAT & PRESSURE

17. The cross section below shows sedimentary rock layers containing fossils. 19. The drawing below shows the original size & shape of a rock sample before it is thrown into a rapidly moving stream. Which drawing best shows the actual size and shape the rock will have after being carried several hundred miles downstream and deposited? (1) (3) (2) (4) Assuming that these rock layers have not been overturned, which fossil is in the layer that was formed most recently? (1) (2) (3) (4)

18. Four identical sand castles are shown below. Which sand castle will most likely be eroded Fastest by the wind? 20. The diagrams below show a natural process that weathers rock. Which statement best explains why this process results in weathering? (1) Frozen water acts as a solute. (2) Water expands when it freezes. (3) The mass of water increases when it freezes. (4) Frozen water dissolves most types of rocks.   ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21. The diagram below shows stages in the development of a certain landscape. When did erosion become the most dominant process in the development of the landscape shown in stage 4? (1) at stage 1 (2) between stages 2 and 3 (2) at stage 2 (4) between stages 3 and 4

Sap is a substance secreted by some trees. Many years ago, *Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the reading passage and diagram below: Sap is a substance secreted by some trees. Many years ago, plants and small animals were caught in the sap on the trees. Sap hardens and turns into a clear substance called amber. The plants or animals are preserved as fossils in the amber. Part of a plant preserved in amber is shown to the right. Amber Plant TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT EARTHS PAST 22. Explain why fossils are important to scientists. ___________________________________________   23. Explain why plant fossils found in amber, such as the one shown, are not usually found in volcanic rocks. ______________________________________________________________________________________ VOLCANIC ROCKS ARE IGNEOUS & THE FOSSILS WOULD MELT AWAY. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24. The diagram below shows a cross section of rock layers in Earth’s crust. The forces shown in the diagram caused the rock layers to: (1) fault (2) fold (3) form (4) expand

25. The cross section below shows fossils and the rock layers in which they are found. Crustal movement has not displaced the rock layers. Early Horses Which fossil is considered the oldest in the cross section shown? (1) armored fish (3) early horses (2) dinosaurs (4) trilobites Dinosaurs Armored Fish Trilobites -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26. The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite. Galena Calcite Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile?   (1) streak (2) hardness (3) reaction to an acid (4) reaction to a solvent Black powder Ceramic tile White powder

BUBBLES OF CARBON DIOXIDE *Base your answers to questions 27-29 on the diagram below, which shows how crushed limestone in a test tube reacts when acid is added. 30. Which two processes could result in the formation of high mountains with well-rounded peaks? (1) volcanic eruptions and global warming (2) earthquakes and tidal activity (3) collision of crustal plates and erosion greenhouse gases & weathering 31. A diagram of the rock cycle is shown below. 27. List one observation that shows a chemical change is occurring in the diagram. _____________________________________ 28. What environmental problem in New York State makes limestone a poor choice to use on the outside of a building? ______________________________________ 29. Which information would be most helpful to someone trying to identify a mineral sample? (1) location and mass of the sample (2) shape and texture of the sample (3) hardness and streak of the sample (4) color and size of the sample BUBBLES OF CARBON DIOXIDE a-b. Identify two processes most directly involved in the formation of an igneous rock.  ___________________________________________   c. What type of rock forms from heat & pressure? d-e. Identify two processes required for the formation of a sedimentary rock. HEAVY POLLUTION MELTING, COOLING METAMORPHIC WEATHERING, EROSION

32. The diagram below shows tilted rock layers 32. The diagram below shows tilted rock layers. The dashed lines represent missing parts of the rock layers. 35. The graph below shows the percentage of five minerals found in a sample of the igneous rock granite. Determine the percentage of orthoclase feldspar in this sample of granite. % Which process is most likely responsible for the removal of the missing parts of the rock layers?  (1) erosion (3) earthquakes (2) deposition (4) faulting 39 33. The table below shows two physical properties of the minerals quartz and amphibole. 36. The diagram below shows a rock suspended above an overflow container filled with water up to the overflow spout. A graduated cylinder is positioned next to the container to collect water that comes out of the overflow spout. Which property of the rock can be directly determined when the rock is placed in the over-flow container? (1) mass (3) volume (2) density (4) hardness Select the physical property from the table that can distinguish quartz from amphibole &describe a procedure that can be used to test this property. Physical property: __________________________ Procedure: _______________________________ STREAK RUB MINERAL ON PLATE

FOSSILS OF DINOSAURS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN ROCK & TAR PITS. 37. Limestone is a sedimentary rock and marble is a metamorphic rock. Even though limestone and marble limestone and marble have the same chemical makeup, they are classified as different rocks because they: were formed from different fossils formed at different times (3) took different amounts of time to form (4) formed by different methods 34. In which type of rock is the fossil imprint of a fern leaf most likely to be found? (1) igneous (3) sedimentary (2) metamorphic (4) volcanic 38. Which physical property is used to identify a mineral based on its resistance to being scratched? (1) hardness (3) color (2) density (4) streak   39. Which material is primarily a mixture of weathered rock and organic matter? (1) minerals (3) ocean water (2) soil (4) seashells 41. The diagram below shows a portion of Earth’s crust. 40. Scientists infer that a giant asteroid crashed into Earth approximately 65 million years ago, contributing to the extinction of dinosaurs and many other life- forms. Identify one form of evidence scientists have found that implies dinosaurs existed in the past. ______________________________________________   The formation of the rock fragments was most likely a result of (1) cooling (3) melting (2) folding (4) weathering FOSSILS OF DINOSAURS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN ROCK & TAR PITS.

42. Explain why hardness is a valuable property of some minerals. *Base your answers to questions 42 through 44 on the information below. Gems & Minerals: There are about 4,000 types of minerals on Earth. Of these, only about 15 are used to make gems. Gems are minerals that may have been cut & polished to make them sparkle. The diamond is the hardest natural substance we know. Diamonds form deep underground at very high temperature & pressure conditions caused by the overlying thick layers of rock that squeeze the carbon atoms into a tight, strong crystal. Diamonds might grow under these conditions for 1 billion to 3 billion years & therefore are considered the oldest gemstone. Only about 20 percent of diamonds are made into jewels. Because they are so hard, most diamonds are used to make tools such as dental drills & metal cutters. 42. Explain why hardness is a valuable property of some minerals.   ________________________________________________________________________________________ 43. Identify one physical property, other than hardness, that may add to the beauty of a gemstone. _______________________________________________________________________________________ THEY ARE USED TO MAKE TOOLS & OTHER USEFUL PRODUCTS BECAUSE OF THEIR HARDNESS. ITS COLOR, LUSTER & CRYSTAL SHAPE., 44. When diamonds are shipped to jewelry stores, they are individually wrapped in paper. Explain why the paper is needed to protect each diamond from damage.   _______________________________________________________________________________________ BECAUSE THEY CAN SCRATCH EACH OTHER.

45. The sequence below occurs over a long period of geologic time. The sequence shows the steps involved in the formation of an element (3) a fault (2) an igneous rock (4) a fossil

RUB MINERAL SAMPLE ON A STREAK PLATE & OBSERVE THE POWDER. *Base your answers to questions 46 through 48 on the table of mineral properties below. 46. Identify the mineral in the table that is hard, has a black streak, and has no reaction with acid.   ______________________________ 47. Compared to the chalcopyrite, which property of galena is different? ______________________________ 48. Describe the test for determining the streak of most minerals. ______________________________ HORNBLENDE GALENA IS SOFT RUB MINERAL SAMPLE ON A STREAK PLATE & OBSERVE THE POWDER.