Roman influence largely lost in era of mass migrations Early Medieval Art Roman influence largely lost in era of mass migrations

Early Medieval Europe 7th and 8th Century Late 8th century, Charlemagne will unite and stabilize Great technological breakthroughs of Roman Empire largely forgotten or not able to be used by migratory people of 7th century Age of mass migrations across Europe Atilla the Hun conquered and despoiled large areas of Europe (Dark Ages?) Vikings came from Scandinavia and invaded Britain & France Vandals destroyed remains of Roman Civliization Artist: n/a Title: Europe of the Early Middle Ages Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/ Museum: n/a

Time Period: 500 - 1050 Civilization/art Time Place Hiberno Saxon 6th - 8th cent. British Isles Viking Art 8th - 11th century Scandinavia (traveled to Brit) Carolingian Art 8th-9th century Charlemagne France, Germany Ottonian Art 10th-early 11th Germany

Early Medieval Painting Monasteries main center of learning, very illiterate population Artists who could both write & draw created illuminated manuscripts Scribes copied Bible or medical Codices: made of vellum or parchment, folded into booklets of 8 pages (QUIRES) Scriptoria: room where nuns & monks painted illuminations, sewn quires together to make a book Covered with bindings of wood, leather, precious gems, godl leaf Sacred quality of work Artist: n/a Title: Page with Man,Gospel of Saint Matthew, Gospel Book of Durrow, Medium: Ink and tempera on parchment Size: 9⅝ X 6⅛" (24.4 X 15.5 cm) Date: Second half of 7th century Source/ Museum: Probably made at Iona, Scotland, or northern England, / The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS 57 fol, 21v. Page with Man, Gospel of St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Durrow, 7th century, Scotland/N. Englane

Hiberno Saxon Art (Hibernia = Ireland) Celtic Christians, isolated from Rome, developed own art traditions Portable works done in the animal style Metalworks of the Visigoths-eagle symbol Where else do we see Eagle symbol? 6th century Eagle Brooch

Chi Rho Iota, page from The Book of Kells flashcard Oxgall inks & pigments on vellum, 12” x 9” Late 8th or early 9th century, Hiberno-Saxon period Monks fleeing Viking invasion of Scotland made this book Lavish, richly illustrated book with great complexity of design Horror vacui style of interlacing patterns Initials are dominant motifs Heads & figures of people & animals appear in elaborate design What does Chi Rho Iota mean? Artist: n/a Title: Chi Rho Iota page, Matt. 1:18 from the Book of Kells Medium: Oxgall inks and pigments on vellum Size: 12 ¾ X 9½" (325 X 24 cm) Date: Late 8th or early 9th century Source/ Museum: Probably made at Iona, Scotland / The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS 58, fol. 34r.

Can you find the animals with the Communion wafer? Artist: n/a Title: Cats and Mice with Host. Detail of Chi Rho Iota page, Matt.1:18, Book of Kells Medium: Oxgall inks and pigments on vellum Size: 12 ¾ X 9½" (325 X 24 cm) Date: Late 8th or early 9th century Source/ Museum: Probably made at Iona, Scotland. / The Board of Trinity College, Dublin. MS 58, fol. 34r. Can you find the animals with the Communion wafer?

Where else do we see horror vacui styles?

Horror Vacui anyone?

Hiberno-Saxon period; flashcard. Purse Cover from Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, 600 CE, cloissone gold, garnet, enamels Hiberno-Saxon period; flashcard. Artist: n/a Title: Purse Cover, from the Sutton Hoo Burial Ship Medium: Cloisonné plaques of gold, garnet, and checked millefiore glass Size: length 8" (20.3 cm) Date: First half of 7th century Source/ Museum: Suffolk, England / The British Museum, London Sutton Hoo ship burial, of a major king or hero; Purse cover designs survive (ivory backing disintegrated). Animal Style hawks attacking ducks. Interlacing patterns of ornamental designs. Cloissonne technique (enamelwork-colored areas sep. by bronze)

Viking Art Scandinavia expanded raids on British Isles w/ fast ships Hit monasteries Mostly applied art Animal style, horror vacui 8th-11th centuries 10th century Rune Stones ordered by King Harald Bluetooth

Ship symbolized dead warrior’s journey to Valhalla (heaven) Viking ships were used both for transport, raids, and burials - 200 miles per day Ship symbolized dead warrior’s journey to Valhalla (heaven) Detail of Gripping Beasts from Oseberg Ship Date: 9th century Vikings traded, raided, explored, and colonized (todays) England, Scotland, France, and parts of Russia. Leif Ericcson reached North America. Artist: n/a Title: Gripping Beasts, detail of Oseberg Ship Medium: Wood Size: n/a Date: c. 815–20 Source/ Museum: Vikingskiphuset, Universitets Oldsaksamling, Oslo, Norway

2 highly placed women from Viking court Animal patterns & interlacing Boat contained animal sacrifices as well as jewels, precious goods Prow & Stern end in snakes’ heads “gripping beasts” design Women worked in fiber arts; spindle and loom included in burial ship along with tapestries Artist: n/a Title: Queen’s Ship Medium: Wood Size: length 75' 6" (23 m) Date: c. 815–20; burial 834 Source/ Museum: Vikingskiphuset, Universitets Oldsaksamling,Oslo, Norway Queen’s Ship, or Oseberg Ship Burial Wood, 815 CE, Viking burial ship from Oseberg flashcard

Viking Architecture - Stave Church from Norway Timber architecture-large horizontal wooden beams (staves) Steep pyramidal shape Crosses & dragons on the gables Borgund Stave Church, 1125

Carolingian Art - Charlemagne Germanic Franks unified parts of Germany, France, Italy, Low Countries w/Christianity Bonds between Pope & Emperor Charlemagne Patronage?? Charlemagne revived arts & learning, emphasized Education Benedictine monks Capital at Aachen, Germany ROMAN REVIVAL!!!!!!!!! Equestrian Statue, 9th century, possibly Charlemagne- hierarchy of scale?

Carolingian Architecture Charles the Great = Charlemagne Planned Aachen to be new Rome Built bath houses, monasteries, churches, etc. such as St. Riquier Elaborate westworks (central entrance beneath 2nd story chapel, flanked by elaborate towers) Cloister = open air courtyard Abbey Church of Saint Riquier, Carolingian interpretation of Roman basilica

Plan of the Abbey of St. Gall, Original from 1092, (redrawn) Ideal monastic community Church symbolic and literal center Cloistered monks never leave except to farm Workshops for leather, pottery Carolingian church w/westwork Church was never built AFAIK Artist: n/a Title: Plan of the Abbey of Saint Gall (Redrawn), c. 817. Original in red ink on parchment, 28 X 44⅛" (71.1 X 112.1 Cm). Stiftsbibliothek, St. Gallen, Switzerland. Cod. Sang. 1092 Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/ Museum: n/a

Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, 9th century, Aachen, Germany flashcard Artist: n/a Title: Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, interior view Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 792–805 Source/ Museum: Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, 9th century, Aachen, Germany Odo of Metz (interior), Centrally planned chapel for Charlemagne; Dome made of spherical triangles. Throne located in gallery halfway between heaven & earth Largest arches on2nd floor, columns fill space, don’t support arch Design inspired by Church of San Vitale - Ravenna Italy. Byzantine syle mosaics.

Design inspired by Church of San Vitale on right Artist: n/a Title: Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, interior view Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 792–805 Source/ Museum: Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Germany Design inspired by Church of San Vitale on right

Utrecht Psalter (page with Psalm 23) 13” x 10” 9th century (Caroiingian) Flashcard Richly illustrated ink drawings on vellum of the psalms of the Bible One color (unlike Book of Kells & other manuscripts) Small initials Literal translation of psalms Style with agitated gestures, active violence Artist: n/a Title: Page with Psalm 23, Utrecht Psalter Medium: Ink on vellum or parchment Size: 13 X 9⅞" (33 X 25 cm) Date: Second quarter of 9th century Source/ Museum: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht, Holland. MS 32, fol. 13r.

Coronation Gospels, Page with Matthew the Evangelist (flashcard) 13” x 10” Early 9th century (Carolingian period) Carolingians promoted learning & Christianity Imperial workshops-carefully edited texts RETURN OF THE HUMAN FIGURE in these books Each monastery had distinct style.. Godelscalc, Ebbo, Etc. Influence on figure??? (REVIVAL) Artist: n/a Title: Page with Matthew the Evangelist, Gospel of Matthew, Coronatinon Gospels Medium: n/a Size: 12 ¾ X 9⅞" (36.3 X 25 cm) Date: Early 9th century Source/ Museum: Kunsthistorische Museum, Vienna

This page of Matthew the Evangelist is from the Ebbo Gospels. Successor of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious… Ebbo was friend and patron of arts. Expressive intensity Uses brush like a pen Created new style of writing Artist: n/a Title: Page with Matthew the Evangelist, Gospel of Matthew, Ebbo Gospels Medium: Ink, gold, and colors on vellum Size: 10 ¼ X 8¾" (26 X 22.2 cm) Date: Second quarter of 9th century Source/ Museum: Bibliothèque Municipale, Épernay, France. MS 1, fol. 18v.

Lindau Gospels, outer cover Late 9th century, Carolingian period Gold with pearls, sapphires, emeralds & garnets Monastic workshop of Charlemagne’s grandson Became the cover of magnifcently illustrated Lindau Gospels Goldsmith technique = ________ Jesus in classical pose Carolingian empire ended when Vikings took over at end of 9th century. Artist: n/a Title: Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures, outer cover, Lindau Gospels Medium: Gold, pearls, sapphires, garnets, and emeralds Size: 13¾ X 10⅜" (36.9 X 26.7 cm) Date: c. 870–80 Source/ Museum: The Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. MS 1

Ottonian Art & Architecture Otto defeasted Vikings and reunited Europe Revitalized church & spiritual values Rome & Early Christian influence Imperial imagery from Carolinian Bronze doors, large stone Mon. Interior arches & windows don’t line up Church of St. Cyriakis, Belgium

Doors of Bishop Bernward, Church of St. Michael, 11th century Germany (Ottonian) 16’6” high, bronze doors FIRST Bronze major casing since antiquity, style looks like Utrecht Psalter Imperial influence: Pantheon, Aachen had bronze doors w/o decoration Rectangular panels with few figures, bare landscapes, lively gestures Bony figures, vitality and lively Emphasis on feet, hands, heads flashcard Artist: n/a Title: Doors of Bishop Bernward Medium: Bronze Size: height 16' 6" (5 m) Date: 1015 Source/ Museum: Made for the Abbey Church of Saint Michael, Hildesheim, Germany

Diagram of the Doors of Bishop Bernward Artist: n/a Title: Schematic Diagram of the message of the Doors of Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: n/a Source/ Museum: n/a

Page with Otto III Enthroned Late 10th century Aachen Gospels Page with Otto III Enthroned Late 10th century Ink, gold, colors on vellum Otto III shown enthroned in center Surrounded by a mandorla and symbols of the evangelists Made in scriptoria near Reichenau WHAT WAS THE FUNCTION OF THIS ARTWORK? WHO WAS THE PATRON? Warriors & Bishops face each other in bottom of page flashcard Artist: n/a Title: Page with Otto III Enthroned, Liuthar Gospels (Aachen Gospels) Medium: Ink, gold, and colors on vellum Size: 10⅞ X 8½" (27.9 X 21.8 m) Date: c. 996 Source/ Museum: Cathedral Treasury, Aachen

Gero Crucifix, Cologne Cathedral Ottonian period (10th century) Painted & gilded wood 6’2” figure Return of large monumental sculpture Emotional suffering Rounded forms Hanging from a cross for the first time!!!!!! flashcard Artist: n/a Title: Gero Crucifix Medium: Painted and gilded wood Size: height of figure 6'2" (1.88 m) Date: c. 970 Source/ Museum: Cologne Cathedral, Germany

Aachen Gospels of Otto III Page w/Christ washing the feet of his disciples Ink, gold, colors on vellum Early 11th century What influences do you see in the figures here? The colors? Artist: n/a Title: Page with Christ Washing the Feet of His Disciples, Aachen Gospels of Otto III Medium: Ink, gold, and colors on vellum Size: approx. 8 X 6" (20.5 X 14.5 cm) Date: c. 1000 Source/ Museum: n/a

Emeterius & Ende, scribe Senior Page with the Bird and the Serpent Islamic influence in Spanish art ART OF THE BOOK PROJECT!!! You may use this as an example… Artist: Emeterius and Ende, with the scribe Senior Title: Page with Battle of the Bird and the Serpent, Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus and Commentary on Daniel by Jerome (Detail) Medium: Tempera on parchment Size: 15 ¾ X 10¼" (40 X 26 cm) Date: Completed July 6, 975 Source/ Museum: Made for Abbot Dominicus, probably at the Monastery of San Salvador at Tábara, León, Spain / Cathedral Library, Gerona, Spain. MS 7[11], fol. 18v.