Bus 303 Group N

"You don't want to talk about the Pinto," said a Ford official. "Leave that one in the cemetery." When people talk about how bad American small cars created an opportunity for the Japanese to come in and clean house in the 1970s and '80s, they are referring to vehicles like this.

The Ford Pinto – a small car to compete with foreign car company competitors Pinto – weighed 2000 lbs and cost $2000 Rushed project led by Lee Iacocca Planning took 25 months compared to the industry norm 43 months

“We are a global, diverse family with a proud heritage, passionately committed to providing outstanding products and services that improve people’s lives.” “We are a global, diverse family with a proud heritage, passionately committed to providing outstanding products and services that improve people’s lives.”

Testing found several safety 25mph+ the gas tank would rupture in an 30mph+ rear endings would cause the gas tank to leak and the rear of the car to be folded up into the back 40mph+ the car doors would jam

Behind Rear-Axle Tank  Pros:  More Luggage space  Industry standard – felt it was safer  Con:  Not as safe in rear-end collisions

Over-the-axle-tank Pro: Performed well in rear-end collisions Cons: Long “round-about” filler pipe Closer to passengers in back seat Higher center of gravity Reduced trunk space

Of 40 tests, 37 resulted in ruptured gas tanks. The three that succeeded had: --a plastic baffle between the tank and the differential bolts -- a piece of steel between tank and bumper -- a rubber “bladder” inside the gas tank

More crash tests showed that a one-pound, one-dollar piece of plastic stopped the puncture of the gas tank. The idea was thrown out as extra cost and extra weight. Besides, tooling was already well under way.

If you ran into that Pinto you were following at over 30 miles per hour, the rear end of the car would buckle like an accordion, right up to the back seat. The tube leading to the gas-tank cap would be ripped away from the tank itself, and gas would immediately begin sloshing onto the road around the car. The buckled gas tank would be jammed up against the differential housing (that big bulge in the middle of your rear axle), which contains four sharp, protruding bolts likely to gash holes in the tank and spill still more gas. Now all you need is a spark from a cigarette, ignition, or scraping metal, and both cars would be engulfed in flames. If you gave that Pinto a really good whack—say, at 40 mph— chances are excellent that its doors would jam and you would have to stand by and watch its trapped passengers burn to death.

Meant to require vehicles to withstand rear-end collision of 28 MPH Henry Ford II lobbied relentlessly against. Official auto industry line–cars don’t cause accidents; people and road conditions do. Tactic: last-minute documents; challenges to test results; lawsuits; private negotiating. The standard was delayed for 8 years.

Component 1971 Costs Component 1971 Costs Future Productivity Losses Future Productivity Losses Direct $132,000 Direct $132,000 Indirect $41,300 Indirect $41,300 Medical Costs Medical Costs Hospital $700 Hospital $700 Other $ 425 Other $ 425 Total $1,125 Total $1,125

Property Damage $ 1,500 Property Damage $ 1,500 Insurance Administration $ 4,700 Insurance Administration $ 4,700 Legal and Court $3,000 Legal and Court $3,000 Employer Losses $ 1,000 Employer Losses $ 1,000 Victim's Pain and Suffering $10,000 Victim's Pain and Suffering $10,000 Funeral $900 Funeral $900 Assets (Lost Consumption) $5,000 Assets (Lost Consumption) $5,000 Miscellaneous $200 Miscellaneous $200 Total Per Fatality $200,725 Total Per Fatality $200,725

Benefit Analysis Benefit Analysis Savings: Savings: 180 burn deaths, 180 serious burn injuries, 2100 burned vehicles 180 burn deaths, 180 serious burn injuries, 2100 burned vehicles Unit Cost Unit Cost $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, $700 per vehicle $200,000 per death, $67,000 per injury, $700 per vehicle Total Benefit Total Benefit (180 X $200,000) + (180 X $67,000) + (2,100 X $700) = $49.5 million (180 X $200,000) + (180 X $67,000) + (2,100 X $700) = $49.5 million Cost Analysis Cost Analysis Sales Sales 11 million cars, 1.5 million light trucks 11 million cars, 1.5 million light trucks Unit Cost Unit Cost $11 per car, $11 per truck $11 per car, $11 per truck Total Cost Total Cost 12.5 million X $11 = $137.5 million 12.5 million X $11 = $137.5 million

Costs$137.5 Million Costs$137.5 Million Benefit - $49.5 Million Benefit - $49.5 Million Difference $ 88.0 Million Difference $ 88.0 Million

Richard Grimshaw Richard Grimshaw 13-year old passenger in “Sandra Gillespie’s” 1971 Pinto 13-year old passenger in “Sandra Gillespie’s” 1971 Pinto Struck from behind; exploded; badly burned over 90% of his body; 20 years reconstructive surgery. Struck from behind; exploded; badly burned over 90% of his body; 20 years reconstructive surgery. Awarded $125 million in punitive damages Awarded $125 million in punitive damages $124 million profits made since Ford Pinto’s introduction $124 million profits made since Ford Pinto’s introduction Judge reduced to $3.5 million Judge reduced to $3.5 million

On January 15, 1980, the Ford Motor Company went on trial on charges of reckless homicide in the 1978 death of three Indiana teenagers who burned to death after their 1973 Fort Pinto was hit from behind by a van. On January 15, 1980, the Ford Motor Company went on trial on charges of reckless homicide in the 1978 death of three Indiana teenagers who burned to death after their 1973 Fort Pinto was hit from behind by a van. Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear-end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits. Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear-end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits. The trial marked the first time that an American corporation was prosecuted on criminal charges—in this case, reckless homicide. The trial marked the first time that an American corporation was prosecuted on criminal charges—in this case, reckless homicide. Ford was acquitted in March; the case was too complex. Ford was acquitted in March; the case was too complex. The Pinto was discontinued in fall The Pinto was discontinued in fall 1980.

Ford was first urged to recall the Pinto in 1974, by the nonprofit Center for Auto Safety. Ford was first urged to recall the Pinto in 1974, by the nonprofit Center for Auto Safety. Late in 1978, Ford recalled all Pinto models (1.5 million cars) Late in 1978, Ford recalled all Pinto models (1.5 million cars) Modifications Modifications Longer fuel filler neck Longer fuel filler neck Plastic shields Plastic shields Protected from rear differential Protected from rear differential Protected from rear shock absorber Protected from rear shock absorber

Ford employees Lee Iacocca Henry Ford II

Were they morally responsible to refuse to produce a car they knew would hurt the customer? Should they have put more effort into convincing Iacocca that this car was unsafe? Should they follow Iacocca’s commands regardless of their opinions since he is their superior in the company

Is Iacocca responsible for the safety of his customers? Should he maximize profits for the company at any costs? If safety defects are found after production, does he have a moral obligation to inform all his customers? Should Iacocca have established a working environment where his employees did not feel that they would lose their jobs for disagreeing with him? Safety? What safety.

Should Ford have trained his managers and presidents in safety? Does Ford have a responsibility to design a culture that encourages employees to bring up safety defects? Does Ford need to have a new policy that puts the has safety of their products more important than maximizing profits? Does Ford have a moral responsibility to do what is best for his shareholders

Young and ambitious new president Foreign competitors entering N.A. market No small car to compete with VW Beetle and others The demand for results and profits are the most important aspect of business

1. Pay the $11 per vehicle 2. Explore different safety features 3. Restart the project from the planning process 4. Continue with production of the Pinto

Pros Repairs the safety defect Saves Ford from potential lawsuits Protects Ford’s reputation High cost Slight delay before launch Cons

Pros A cheaper alternative could be found Profit margin could be higher than first alternative Repairs the safety defect before launch Pinto release would be delayed indefinitely Still decreases total profit Cons

Pros Design can be more focused on safety Improve Ford’s reputation Significant delay of launch Most costly alternative Cons

Pros Releases the Pinto to the customers immediately The largest profit margin is obtained from each Pinto sale Selling unsafe products to customers – could lead to serious injuries and deaths High chance of lawsuits against the company If/When injuries occur, loss of reputation Cons

Explore Other Safety Measures Repair the Pinto so that it is a cheap, safe car that will please the customers Act as a responsible company and not expose customers to unknown risks Implement a more cost effective option than adding the $11 safety addition Save lives by not releasing unsafe Pintos

Ford workers were afraid to talk to Iacocca about the safety defects In Feb. 1978, Ford was sued for $128 million – more then 3 times the amount they had predicted May 1978 – Department of Transportation announces defects with the Ford Pinto – Ford recalls 1.5 million Pintos Mar – Ford was charged with reckless homicide – acquitted of charges, however they stopped all Pinto production