Conflict, Stress, and Coping CHAPTER 16 Conflict, Stress, and Coping Stress and conflict are part of everyday life. Those who can use stress as a motivator can achieve greater things. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Click on a term for more information. Frustration Anxiety Stress Conflict © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Click on a term for more information. Frustration Frustration may be defined as the emotion produced when we are blocked from reaching our goals. Most frustrations are minor (busy signals, traffic slowdowns, late arrivals, etc.). Some can be serious, as when airline flights are cancelled or talents or abilities don’t measure up to expectations. Click on a term for more information. Stress Anxiety Conflict © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Double Approach - Avoidance Conflict Conflict arises when a person needs to decide between two alternatives. Types of conflict: Approach - Approach Approach - Avoidance Avoidance - Avoidance Double Approach - Avoidance © West Educational Publishing EXIT

The person is attracted to two goals. Approach-Approach The approach - approach conflict is not all bad. You have to decide between two attractive choices. The person is attracted to two goals. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

The approach - avoidance conflict can be distressing. The person is attracted to one goal but it comes with a negative aspect. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

The person has to choose between them. Avoidance - Avoidance The avoidance - avoidance conflict presents two undesirable goals. The person has to choose between them. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

The person has two goals, each has both good and bad characteristics. Double Approach - Avoidance The double approach - avoidance conflict is the most common. Click on a term for more information. The person has two goals, each has both good and bad characteristics. Frustration Stress Anxiety © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Click on a term for more information. Anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of hopelessness, a feeling of fear or fright. It often follows feelings of frustration and conflict. Anxiety attacks can produce physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, chest pain, breathlessness or headache. Click on a term for more information. Frustration Stress Conflict © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Stress Stress is defined as the physical pressure and strain that result from change. When stress is good and leads to something desirable such as studying for a big exam and then receiving a good grade on the exam, it is called eustress. When the stress has negative effects such as confusion, an inability to make decisions, and illness, it is called distress. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Fight or Flight Sequence of Steps in the Fight or Flight Behaviors 1. The brain appraises a situation as threatening and dangerous. 2. The lower brain structure secretes a stress hormone. 3. The stress hormone signals the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline. 4. This causes the muscles to tense, the heart to beat faster, and the liver to send out sugar to be used in the muscles. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

The General Adaptation Syndrome Defined as a series of stages the body goes through when exposed to stressful situations. 1. The alarm stage is the initial stage where the body prepares for attack—either psychological or physical. 2. The second stage is called the stage of resistance. The body uses up a great amount of energy to prepare for the stressor. Alarm Resistance Exhaustion 3. The third stage is exhaustion. It is marked by body exhaustion and health problems. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Click on a term for more information. Some Psychological Stressors for High School Students Life Event Stress Points Divorce of parents 98 Expulsion from school 79 Major injury or illness 77 Getting a job 62 Major illness of close friend 56 Peer difficulties 45 Moving away 41 Christmas 30 Vacation 25 Traffic ticket 22 Click on a term for more information. Frustration © West Educational Publishing EXIT Anxiety Conflict

Coping with Stress Issue of Control Self-Concept Self-Esteem People deal better with stress if they have some degree of control in a stressful situation. Self-Concept If people don’t feel confident (have a positive self-concept), they will become anxious and withdrawn. Self-Esteem Worthwhile feelings people have. If we are expected to meet impossible standards, we often stop trying at all. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Click on a term to have it defined. Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Pushing painful material out of consciousness © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Click on a term to have it defined. Refusing to admit a problem exists Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Refusing to admit a problem exists © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Venting feelings on something not related to the frustration © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Expressing the opposite of what one feels © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Taking all feelings out of a frustrating situation © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Taking on a punishing person’s characteristics © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Moving backward and acting as a helpless child © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Explaining a situation to avoid responsibility © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Assigning to others our own thoughts and feelings © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms are distortions (actions) that keep people psychologically stable. Examples include: Click on a term to have it defined. Repression Denial Displacement Reaction Formation Intellectualization Identification with the Aggressor Regression Rationalization Projection Sublimation Channeling emotional energy into constructive or creative activity © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Healthy Characteristics Accept yourself. Take control of your life as much as possible. Don’t take yourself too seriously. Keep a sense of humor. Appreciate life. Take credit for successes and responsibility for failures. Learn from both. Develop a sense of independence. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Substance Abuse Substance abuse occurs when the use of drugs interferes with daily life. Substance dependence occurs when the person has symptoms when using the drug. occurs when the person uses more and more drugs. occurs when the person spends large amounts of time in drug use. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Alcoholism Chemical effects: alcohol is a depressant (too much will lead to unconsciousness). Absorption takes 2-6 hours, depending on weight, amount, food intake, etc. Physical effects: heavy alcohol intake affects the liver and brain cells provides non-nutritional calories can lead to alcohol withdrawal delirium and hallucinations synergistic effect increases dangers of alcohol and barbiturates when taken together © West Educational Publishing EXIT

No one knows for sure, but factors that may be responsible include Causes of Alcoholism No one knows for sure, but factors that may be responsible include heredity environment genetic defects social training © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Indicators of Alcoholism Frequent drinking binges. Drunkenness more than once a week. A steady increase in the amount of alcohol drunk. Drinking in the morning. Being drunk at school or at work. Blackouts or not remembering events when drunk. Drinking when confronting a crisis. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Marijuana distorts and confuses the perception of the world. The short-term memory system is directly affected. Nicotine Nicotine is found in tobacco products. It increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also leads to higher risks of heart disease and lung disease. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Amphetamines “Uppers” create a sense of excitement, freedom, and energy. People build tolerance for the drug. Continued usage leads to strange images, convulsions, and paranoia. Cocaine Cocaine, unlike alcohol, is a stimulant. Crack is a form of purified cocaine. © West Educational Publishing EXIT

Opiates LSD Steroids Opiates are sedatives that depress the brain. They create a physical dependence. LSD LSD produces hallucinations and marked changes in behavior. Steroids are used to increase body mass and muscular size. Short-term use can cause people to lose control of emotions. Long-term use can cause serious physical problems including heart trouble and infertility. Steroids © West Educational Publishing EXIT

{ { { Summary of Main Topics Covered Frustration Conflict Anxiety Fight vs. Flight General Adaptation Syndrome Psychological Stressors Stress { Coping with Stress Psychological Defense Mechanisms Healthy Characteristics { Alcohol, Marijuana, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Cocaine, Opiates, LSD, Steroids Substance Abuse © West Educational Publishing EXIT