Mammalian characteristics: Cranial (skull) features.

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Presentation transcript:

Mammalian characteristics: Cranial (skull) features

AnapsidaDiapsida SynapsidaSaurapsida Turtles Lizards & snakes Crocodiles Dinosaurs & birds Mammals & reptile-like mammals Amniota -evolution of cleidoic (shelled) egg; ca. 350 mya (late Paleozoic) Amphibians -ca. 320 mya

-apsid conditions AnapsidSynapsidDiapsid Pelycosaur Modern mammal

Double occipital condyle: greater range of motion

Pelycosaur Therapsids Single bone in mandible: dentary

post-dentary bones Dentary-squamosal articulation

Reptile: Mammal: stapes (incus) incus malleus (malleus) (stapes) (incus) (malleus) 3 inner ear ossicles

Tympanic bone (="annulus" or "tympanic ring") tenrec skull; no auditory bulla

Mammalian characteristics: Dental features

Heterodont dentition

Diphyodonty (vs. polyphyodonty)

Matched shear surface on upper & lower teeth

Complex occlusal surface on cheeckteeth

Secondary palate

Mammalian characteristics: Postcranial (skeletal) features

Modified limbs and pelvic girdle Reptile-likeMammal-like Sprawling postureUpright posture Lateral gaitFore-aft gait Poorly developed calcaneusWell-developed calcaneus calcaneus fibula femur tibia pelvic girdle calcaneus fibula tibia femur astragalus

Indeterminite growth vs. Determinite growth Long-bone epiphyses

Stabilized and regionally specialized vertebral column

Atlas Axis Dorsal-ventral flexion Rotation

Simplified skeleton

Mammalian characteristics: Soft anatomy, sensory, and physiological features

Hair (=fur or pelage)

Mammal hair: invagination Bird feather: evagination

cuticle cortex: pigment medulla: dead cells containing air; variably present. Hair structure

New PNAS article on origin of hair: PNAS November 25, 2008 vol. 105 no

Hair function: tactile perception (vibrissae)

Hair function: locomotory specializations

Hair function: defense

Hair function: aggression and display

Hair function: communication

Mammary glands (=mammae), structural variation Monotreme Nipples (most mammals) Teat (e.g., cows) Skin glands

4-chambered heart Mammal Crocodyle

Enucleated blood cells Muscular diaphragm

Improved olfaction

Endothermy---Body temperature regulated internally. Homeothermy---Body temperature maintained within a narrow range.

An integrated package? Natural selection favored increasingly efficient use of energy Endothermy facilitated nocturnal activity Endothermy is especially difficult for young Diphyodonty, lactation, social behavior

Did these all appear simultaneously???? How do we know???

Occipital condyles Dentary, ear ossicles Dentition Upright posture Determinite growth/ephiphyses Simplification of skeleton Vertebral column Mammary glands 4-chambered heart Enucleated red blood cells Diaphragm Endothermy/homeothermy Olfaction Hair Fossil evidence?

Occipital condyles Dentary, ear ossicles Dentition Upright posture Determinite growth/ephiphyses Simplification of skeleton Vertebral column Mammary glands 4-chambered heart Enucleated red blood cells Diaphragm Endothermy/homeothermy(??) Olfaction (??) Hair Fossil evidence?