LNG in-ground tank March 6 th, 2006 Kajima Corporation

LNG in-ground tank: Kajima's construction experience - From 1976, delivered LNG in-ground tanks of various capacity from 650 kl to 200,000 kl - 26 LNG in-ground tanks in Japan with combined capacity of 2,370,000 kl

Structure of LNG in-ground tank Steel roof / Insulation Concrete roof Side heater Diaphragm wall Bottom slab Banking Side wall Membrane Insulation Concrete segment Bottom heater Gravel layer

Concrete roof MembraneDiaphragm wall

Side heater Insulation Concrete segment Bottom heater

Embedded tank - Harmonious with the ambient environment - Highly reliable and safe - Multipurpose uses of the ground above the banking Banking

Bottom slab structure Bottom slab (pressure-reducing slab) Pressure-reducing slab can be applied to the ground where the water seepage is anticipated to be small.

Earth retaining structure Earth retaining structure by vertical NATM can be applied to the self-supporting ground where the water seepage is anticipated to be small. Vertical NATM

Cryogenic test for concrete structure Low temperature bending test of RC beam Low temperature tensile test of reinforcing bar Determining low temperature characteristics of material

Test for frozen soil Determining mechanical properties and expansion pressure of frozen soil Test for frozen soil by using 3-dimensional model Test for frozen soil by using 2-dimensional model

Estimation of strength for RC roof Estimation of strength for RC roof including bucking analysis considering non-linearity of material and shape

Earthquake observation and analysis Determining seismic behaviour based on the analysis from various perspectives, by using a wealth of observation data Wave patterns of the acceleration of the ground and the tank

Automatized reinforcing bars distributing robot

Air support construction method 1. Construction of side wall 2. Assembly of steel roof 3. Air lifting 4. Installation of steel roof 5. Air support construction (concrete placing) 6. Completed

High performance concrete "Supercrete" Supercrete slurry wallVerification test of supercrete Cost reduction due to development of Supercrete, a high performance concrete with compressive strength of 80 N/mm 2

Excavation machine for thinner diaphragm wall Excavation machine for thinner diaphragm wall and finished concrete wall Better construction environment and less loosening problems of the natural ground, compared with conventional spraying method

Self-elevating scaffolding Self-elevating scaffolding can be used for the construction of the structure, such as assembly of concrete segment for side wall, erection of reinforcing bars, installation of outer forms and so forth. Self-elevating scaffolding Assembly of concrete segment using self-elevating scaffolding

Machine for assemblage and erection of reinforcing bars Assemblage, transportation and installation of reinforcing bars can be done collectively in the working yard. Erection of assembled reinforcing bars

All weather type rapid construction method Roof is assembled, prior to construction of side wall. After that, insulation and membrane are installed concurrently with construction of side wall. → Shortening of construction period (Rapid construction)

In-ground type + Aboveground type (PC, metal) Composite structure of conventional in-ground tank and PC (metal) aboveground tank (Aboveground tank is built on the top of side wall of in-ground tank. )

Steel + Concrete roof type RC roof is built around the outer perimeter of steel roof, to the enlarge inner diameter of the tank → Large-sized tank as much as 100m in diameter

Automated pneumatic caisson method LNG in-ground tank can be built without earth retaining wall and cut-off wall.

Comparison of structures for the next large-sized tank

Case 1 (Rigid connection type: 200,000 kl)

Case 2 (250,000 kl tank)

Case 3 (300,000 kl tank)

Case 4 (Semi in-ground tank: 250,000 kl)

LNG aboveground tank

Single containment tank Elevated base Type of LNG tank

Double containment tank Reinforced concrete outer tank wall Earth embankment

Pit-in (double containment) tank Reinforced concrete pit Elevated base

Double containment tank Prestressed concrete outer tank wall

Full containment tank Reinforced concrete roof Prestressed concrete outer tank wall

1. Foundation work Construction procedure - Soil improvement - Pile foundation 2. Base slab and PC outer tank wall PC outer tank wall Bottom heater Base slab

3. PC outer tank wall Mechanical work: - Liner for the outer shell bottom - Assembly of inner & outer roof 4. Mechanical work - Lifting up the roof - Liner for the side of outer shell - Bottom insulation - Bottom and side of inner tank Liner for the outer shell bottom PC outer tank wall Assembly of roof Side of inner tank Liner for the outer shell Bottom of inner tank, Bottom insulation Bottom PUF panel Lift up

5. PC outer tank wall - Close the opening - Prestressing 6. Mechanical work - Water pressure test - Pressure test - Pneumatic test PUF panel for side wall Prestressing Water pressure test Pressure test Pneumatic test PUF panel for side wall

7. Mechanical work - Side and roof insulation 8. Mechanical work Start of the operation - Tests & cooling down Side of inner shell Side insulation PUF panel Side of outer shell liner

Bottom heater Conventional type Kajima type Trombone shape type

PUF panel Stud bolt PC structure Liner plate PUF (in-situ injection & foam) PUF cap Surface material (in-situ installation) PUF panel

Construction experience Petrochemical complex in Oita, Japan