MYRRHA ADS, What’s that ? and what for ? an International Large Research Infrastructure and a unique worldwide Irradiation Facility and P&T tool Prof. Dr. Hamid Aït Abderrahim SCK•CEN, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium haitabde@sckcen.be or myrrha@sckcen.be Copyright © 2011 SCK•CEN Les Journées Accélerateurs, Roscoff (FR), 3-5 October 2011

Energy research infrastructure ? Overview Energy research infrastructure ? The MYRRHA project International Collaboration MYRRHA International Consortium

Facing the Energy Challenge Electricity generation worldwide (OECD, 2007)

Sustainable Nuclear Fission nuclear waste resource utilisation Enhanced safety proliferation risk

High Level Nuclear Waste Fuel U235 U235 n Actinides Minor Actinides n Uranium Fission n Np Am Cm U238 Pu Neutron U238 n Plutonium Neptunium Americium Curium Minor Actinides high radiotoxicity long lived waste that are difficult to store due to: Long lived (>1,000 years) Highly radiotoxic Heat emitting

Motivation for Transmutation spent fuel reprocessing no reprocessing Uranium naturel Time (years) Relative radiotoxicity transmutation of spent fuel Duration Reduction 1.000x Volume Reduction 100x

Continuity: tradition of «first of a kind» 1st pressurized water reactor (PWR) outside of US (BR3) Inventor of innovative nuclear fuel (MOX fuel) Highest performing material testing reactor in Europe (BR2) World first underground laboratory for R&D on HL waste disposal (HADES) World first lead based ADS (GUINEVERE) World premiere project for transmutation of nuclear waste

MYRRHA - Accelerator Driven System Reactor Subcritical or Critical modes 65 to 100 MWth Accelerator (600 MeV - 4 mA proton) Fast Neutron Source Spallation Source Lead-Bismuth coolant Multipurpose Flexible Irradiation Facility Innovative & Unique

Reactor layout Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Vessel Cover Core barrel Core support plate Core plug Above core structure Heat exchangers Pumps Diaphragm Les Journées Accélerateurs, Roscoff (FR), 2-5 October 2011

Cover Main dimensions Material Weight Height: 2m Outer diameter: 8.5m IVFHM Wet-sipping device Main dimensions Height: 2m Outer diameter: 8.5m Material AISI 316L Concrete Weight About 246ton Fuel transfer channel PHX Pump LBE-conditioning inlet Safety valve Cover gas conditioning system inlet/outlet Recovery channel LBE-conditioning outlet Si-doping channel © SCK•CEN

Core barrel and core support plate Main dimensions Height: about 9m Outer diameter: about 1450mm Thickness: 20mm Material AISI 316L Core support plate Thickness: 200mm T91 © SCK•CEN

Diaphragm Main dimensions Material Weight Double plate design Baffle In-vessel fuel storage Height: about 7.5m Outer diameter: 7.3m Wall thickness: 40mm Lower plate thickness: 40mm Upper plate thickness: 80mm Material AISI 316L Weight About 115ton © SCK•CEN

Diaphragm © SCK•CEN

Core and fuel 151 positions Diameter: 1450mm 37 multifunctional plugs Spallation target IPS Fuel Assemblies

Core and fuel Fuel Cladding in 15-15 Ti Wire wrap

Core and fuel

Spallation target window Produces about 1017 neutrons/s at the reactor mid-plane to feed subcritical core @ keff=0.95 Fits into a central hole in core Compact target Remove produced heat Accepts megawatt proton beam 600 MeV, 3.5 mA  ~2.1 MW heat Cooling of window is feasible Material challenges Preferential working temperature: 450 – 500°C Service life of at least 3 full power months (1 cycle) is achievable

Spallation target window Rotating beam s 15 mm sweep 25 mm Limited heat deposition at stagnation point Multi tube concept 3 Concentric inlet tubes

Cooling systems Tertiary system: Air Primary system: LBE Secondary system: Saturated water/steam Tertiary system: Air PHX 27.5MW Condenser 55MW Primary system: LBE

Cooling systems Decay heat removal (DHR) through secondary loops 4 independent loops redundancy (each loop has 50% to 100% capability) passive operation (natural convection in primary, secondary and tertiary loop) Ultimate DHR through RVCS (natural convection)

Multipurpose facility Fuel research Φtot = 0.5 to 1.1015 n/cm².s F = 1 to 5.1014 n/cm².s (ppm He/dpa ~ 10) in medium-large volumes Material research FFast = 1 to 5.1014 n/cm².s (En>1 MeV) in large volumes Fission GEN IV Fusion Multipurpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications High energy LINAC 600 MeV – 1 GeV Long irradiation time 50 to 100 MWth FFast = ~1015 n/cm².s (En>0.75 MeV) Fundamental research Waste Fth = 0.5 to 2.1015 n/cm².s (En<0.4 eV) Fth = 0.1 to 1.1014 n/cm².s (En<0.4 eV) Radio- isotopes Silicon doping

MYRRHA International Reviewing 2001: International Strategic Guidance Committee 2002: International Technical Guidance Committee 2003: Review by Russian Lead Reactor Technology Experts (ISTC#2552p project) 2005: Conclusions of the European Commission FP5 Project PDS-XADS (2001- 2004) 2006: European Commission FP6 Project EUROTRANS (2005-2009): Conclusions of Review and Justification of the main options of XT-ADS starting from MYRRHA 2007: International Assessment Meeting of the Advanced Nuclear Systems Institute 2008: European Commission FP7 Project Central Design Team (CDT) at Mol for MYRRHA detailed design 2009: MIRT of OECD/NEA on request of Belgian Government (see further)

Belgian commitment: 40% secured International consortium: under construction 2nd phase (11 y) others 576 M€ Total investment 960 M EUR Consortium Belgium 324 M€ (36 M€/y x 9 y) Belgium 60 M€ (12 M€/y x 5 y)

The next phase of work: 2010-2014 Minimise technological risks Secure the licensing Secure a sound management and investment structure PDP preliminary dismantling plan PSAR preliminary safety assesment EIAR environmental impact assesment Central Project Team Owner Consortium Group Owner Engineering Team

Project schedule 2010 - 2024

MYRRHA recognised in Europe Knowledge Economy Energy Independence ESFRI European Strategic Forum for Research Infrastructure SET Plan European Strategic Energy Plan Only Belgian project in ESFRI Roadmap 29.11.2010 15.11.2010 For Europe MYRRHA is a priority

MYRRHA part of ESNII European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative 2008 2012 2020 ASTRID Prototype (SFR) Reference technology SFR LFR MYRRHA ETPP European demonstration reactor (LFR) Alternative technology GFR Today, the SRA has identified two technology paths for Fast Neutron Reactor systems: The Sodium cooled Fast Neutron Reactor technology, which is a proven technology and for which Europe has past experience. But many innovations are needed to bring the technology to the level of competitiveness and safety which is required. The SFR technology is one which France is supporting strongly, with a decision to build a prototype in France in 2020. This programme will be open to European and international participation. An alternative technology which could either be the Lead-cooled Fast Reactor or the Gas-cooled Fast Reactor technology. Decisions on the choice of alternative technology will be made around 2012, followed by the construction of a demonstrator plan in Europe around 2020. in support of these reactor demonstration projects, research infrastructures and fuel cycle facilities will be needed. We estimate the cost of this initiative to around 6 to 10 billion € depending on technical options. Supporting infrastructures, research facilities ALLEGRO Experimental reactor (GFR) MYRRHA Fast spectrum irradiation facility 27

Forging strong partnerships and alliances in Europe and worldwide In-cash In-kind FP7 EII Belgium: 40% (05.03.2010) Engineering EU Member States Building EU ROW Equipment loan EIB Owners’ Consortium Group Co-sharing investment cost Co-sharing exploitation cost Privileged access conditions Alliances Securing revenues from Users’ Group

MYRRHA: an international project 29

International Members Consortium – Phase 1 INVESTMENT PHASE International Members Consortium – Phase 1 Primary «investors» Participation vehicle (Consortium members) Contribution to investment capital (960 M€’09) «ERIC» (*) IPR management rules tbd SCK•CEN (on behalf of Belgian Federal Government) BE Belgian Federal Ministry of Energy (50%) 40 % Belgian Federal Ministry of Science Policy (50%) Major European partners EU country Public foundation EU countries 25-30 % A major Asian partner 15 ~ 20 % Asian country Asian country EU FP7 (RTD) / SET-Plan (Energy) EU participation 2 -10 % EU ROW ROW participation 0 -10 % ROW (*) European Research Infrastructure Consortium

International Members Consortium - Phase 2 OPERATION PHASE International Members Consortium - Phase 2 «ERIC» (*) CLOSED/ SHARED INFORMATION for MoC Members of Consortium Individual research of a member of Consortium Collaborative research amongst members of Consortium - 3 years program commitment ~25% BENEFITS for Members of Consortium Board position to control overal operation Priority of access Potential benefit of low price (compensation profit from commercial revenues) Capacity transfer flexibility (rules tbd) OPEN INFORMATION Open User Facility Governments funding Criteria of research excellence Independant program access committee (PAC) ~25% SCK•CEN as qualified and licenced operator of the MYRRHA infrastructure under contractual arrangement with ERIC SHARED INFORMATION for participants Collaborative research - Distribution of information to participants ~25% CLOSED INFORMATION for participants Contract research….. Commercial services RI NTD Silicon ~25% (*) European Research Infrastructure Consortium

Joining the MYRRHA project Belgium is welcoming international participation in the MYRRHA consortium Membership eligibility for the international MYRRHA consortium is based on a balanced in-cash/in-kind contribution Until end 2014, our objectives are: to collect Letters of Intent for participation in the MYRRHA International Consortium (deadline mid 2012) to sign Memoranda of Understanding for collaboration in MYRRHA with international partners (deadline mid 2014) To finalise the Consortium legal framework (deadline end 2014)

MYRRHA: EXPERIMENTAL ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SYSTEM A pan-European, innovative and unique facility Time horizon: full operation ~ 2023 Costs: ~ EUR 960 million

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