Respiratory System
Respiration Involving Gas Exchange Cellular Respiration Respiration Involving Gas Exchange
General Functions of the Respiratory System A. Area for gas exchange B. Moves air C. Protects respiratory surfaces D. Provides nonspecific defenses E. Produces sounds F. Provides olfactory sensations
Components of the Respiratory System Nose and nasal cavity Pharynx (Throat) Larynx (Voicebox) Trachea (Windpipe) Lungs
The Nose: Structure Hair Mucous membranes Nasal conchae Olfactory epithelium
The Nose: Function Keeps out large particles Moistens and filters air Traps debris and pathogens Houses olfactory receptors
The Pharynx: Structure Lined with Mucous Membranes 3 regions: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharnx
The Pharynx: Function Warms and moistens air Passageway for air and food Resonating chamber for sounds Houses tonsils
The Larynx: Structure Cartilages Mucous Membrane Glottis Vocal cords
The Larynx: Function Passageway for air Trap foreign particles Produce sound Posterior view
Vocal cords producing sound at 3 different pitches 120 Hz 200 Hz 160 Hz
The Trachea: Structure Epithelium Tracheal Cartilages Trachealis Muscle
The Trachea: Function Passageway for air Trap foreign particles Protect airway and keep it from collapsing
Lungs: Structure Primary Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Tertiary Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Bronchioles
Alveoli Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Bronchiole Alveoli Blood LE 22-5b Alveoli Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood Bronchiole Alveoli Blood capillaries
Alveoli
Alveoli
Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Rib cage expands as LE 22-7a Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Air inhaled Air exhaled Diaphragm Diaphragm contracts (moves down) Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Inhalation Exhalation
Pulmonary Ventilation Trachea Lungs Diaphragm
Ventilation (Breathing)
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation CO2 2. pH
Breathing control centers stimulated by: LE 22-8-2 Pons Breathing control centers stimulated by: Medulla CO2 increase/pH decrease in blood Nerve signals indicating CO2 and O2 levels Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles CO2 and O2 sensors in aorta Diaphragm Rib muscles
Gas Exchange External Respiration Internal Respiration Exhaled air Inhaled air Gas Exchange Alveolar epithelial cells Air spaces CO2 O2 External Respiration Alveolar capillaries of lung CO2-rich, O2-poor blood O2-rich, CO2-poor blood Heart Tissue capillaries CO2 O2 Internal Respiration Interstitial fluid CO2 O2 Tissue cells throughout body
Animations on Internal and External Respiration
Gas Transport of Oxygen LE 22-10 Gas Transport of Oxygen Iron atom O2 loaded in lungs O2 O2 unloaded in tissues O2 Heme group Polypeptide chain
Gas Transport of CO2 7% dissolved in plasma 23% bound to hemoglobin 70% converted to carbonic acid (which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-)
Spirometer
Simple Spirometer Used in Lab
Lung Volumes & Capacities