Single Lens Imaging System. Figure 29.8B Retina Optic nerve Fovea Optic nerve fibers Retina Photoreceptors NeuronsConeRod.

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Presentation transcript:

Single Lens Imaging System

Figure 29.8B Retina Optic nerve Fovea Optic nerve fibers Retina Photoreceptors NeuronsConeRod

Human photoreceptor cells are named for their shapes –Rods –Cones Figure 29.8A Cell body Synaptic knobs Membranous discs containing visual pigments ROD CONE

Slide 15 Vertebrate Eye Rods Cones

Three Cone Opsins (red, green, blue)

R(ed), G(reen) B(lue) Monitors

Robert Hooke ( ) Built one of the first useful compound microscopes Observed structure of cork Coined the term “Cell”. Published Micrographia (1665)

1665 Hooke publishes Micrographia 1678 van Leeuwenhoek observes protozoa (“little animals”) Schleiden & Schwann proposed “Cell Theory” 1860 Pasteur confirms Cell Theory 1931 Ruska invents electron microscope 1932 Zerniki develops phase contrast microscopy 1955 Minsky invents the laser scanning microscope (LSM) 1989 Webb, Denk & Strickler invent multiphoton LSM

Anatomy of a Compound Microscope base lamp housing substage condenser stage stand trinocular tube eye piece objective turret

Upright Microscope

Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

Condensers

Koehler Illumination Condenser lens is adjusted so that an image of the field diaphragm is focused onto the object (specimen) plane

1. focus specimen 2. stop down field diaphragm until edges are visible 3. focus condenser until image of field diaphragm is sharp 4. open field diaphragm until edges are no longer visible Koehler Illumination

Conjugate Planes of Focus

Path of “Imaging Rays” Conjugate Planes

Path of “Illuminating Rays” Conjugate Planes

Light Paths Illuminating and imaging rays do not share conjugate planes

Projector vs Microscope

Microscope produces a virtual image of the back focal plane of the objective

Histochemistry Hematoxylin & Eosin (H & E stain) Immunohistochemistry

Oil immersion n = 1.0 n = 1.5 n = 1.52 n = 1.5

Effect of Oil

Contrast Microscopy Koehler Illumination Dark Field Phase Contrast Differential Interference Contrast Hoffman Modulation

Darkfield Images Brightfield Darkfield

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