Respiration Gas exchange (O 2 and CO 2 ) Diffusion down concentration gradient Specialized epithelial surfaces Moist Thin Large surface area.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 44 Gas Exchange.
Advertisements

Respiratory System and Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange in Animals
Gas exchange in animals
David Sadava H. Craig Heller Gordon H. Orians William K. Purves David M. Hillis Biologia.blu C – Il corpo umano Respiratory System and Gas Exchange.
Biology Main points/Questions
 What is the point of the respiring? ◦ Gas exchange provides oxygen for cellular respiration and gets rid of carbon dioxide.  How do gases move from.
GAS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS.
Respiration. Primitive Gas Exchange Diffusion is the order of the day! Organisms allow gas diffusion to occur across the membrane into the outer environment.
RESPIRATION: THE EXCHANGE OF GASES. OVERVIEW: GAS EXCHANGE INVOLVES BREATHING, THE TRANSPORT OF GASES, AND THE SERVICING OF TISSUE CELLS.
The Breath of Life.
The Mechanics of Breathing
Gas Exchange Chapter 44.
Gas exchange supplies O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2
Lesson Overview 27.2 Respiration.
Relate Cause and Effect Why do some animals actively pump water over their gills Interpret Visuals Contrast the structures of amphibian, reptilian, and.
Respiration Chapter 40. Respiration Physiological process by which oxygen moves into internal environment and carbon dioxide moves out Oxygen is needed.
Respiration AP Biology Unit 6 Types of Respiratory Systems Animals typically do gas exchange through one (or more) of the following means: –Skin (body.
GAS EXCHANGE in “Animals” Cells require O 2 for aerobic respiration and expel CO 2 as a waste product.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 22 Gas Exchange.
Requirements for Gas Exchange moist membrane surface area respiratory medium Air Water.
Gas Exchange in Animals Principles & Processes. Gas Exchange respiratory gases –oxygen (O 2 ) required as final electron acceptor for oxidative metabolism.
Respiration. Cellular Respiration A reaction that occurs in the mitochondria of the cell that requires O2 and that breaks down the end products of glycolysis.
 THE FUNCTION OF RESPIRATION. Almost every organism requires oxygen for cellular respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → H 2 O + CO 2 + ATP (energy) The job.
8.1 The Task of Respiration
The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment
Respiratory System Function?????? Lung Exchange of gases with body cells Cell Capillary Mitochondria Breathing Circulatory system Transport of gases.
AP BIOLOGY ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION Respiratory System.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor,
Exchanging gases Key understanding: To discuss features of effective surfaces of gaseous exchange and the mechanisms for gas exchange in animals.
Gas Exchange Chapter 22.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Increasing complexity in respiration Earthworms – gases diffuse through skin Insects – tracheal system (limited capacity) Fish – gills.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS Skin- unicellular and small animals Trachea- in arthropoda Gills- Fish Parabronchus-Birds Lung-many vertebrates except fish.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SBI3U.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SBI 3C: DECEMBER RESPIRATION:  Humans take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide in a process called respiration  Oxygen then.
GIEPPURDEE S2C06 Jeopardy Review Gas Exchange Respiratory Systems Breathing Gas Transport Random
Chapter 42 Respiratory Systems. Qualifying Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular Respiration Organismal level O 2 in CO 2 out via diffusion Cellular level.
Chapter 28: Respiration O2O2 CO 2. Chapter 28: Respiration Features of Respiratory Systems: 1) Moist surface (to dissolve gas) 2) Thin cells lining surface.
Gas Exchange (Core) Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration.
Respiratory System Function?????? Lung Exchange of gases with body cells Cell Capillary Mitochondria Breathing Circulatory system Transport of gases.
Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange. Material Exchange The exchange of materials from inside to outside is an important function for organisms. The.
11.1 The Function of Respiration
Respiration Chapter 53 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights.
Comparative Anatomy: Animal Body Systems: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration in Animals
Chapter 6, lesson 2 Respiration and Circulation. In order to obtain (get) energy in food, animals must carry out chemical reactions: Food molecules join.
Respiratory Systems Chapter 37. Respiratory Systems 2Outline Gas Exchange Surfaces  Water Environments ­Gills  Land Environments ­Lungs Human Respiratory.
Respiration.
The Respiratory System Chapter 44. Respiration Cellular respiration – in the mitochondria (see chapter 7) Organismic respiration – O 2 from the environment.
Chapter 48 Lecture 17 Gas exchange in animals Dr. Alan McElligott.
 Cells require O 2 for aerobic respiration and expel CO 2 as a waste product.
GAS EXCHANGE IN ORGANISMS. Overview (DO NOT COPY) Breathing: a mechanical process that moves air in & out of the lungs June 23, 2016A.Y. Jackson – SNC2D2.
11.1 The Function of Respiration. Agenda Lesson 11.1 The Function of Respiration Read p Vocabulary Learning Check SG 166 # 1-3, SG 167 #1-3.
Chapter 22 Gas Exchange.
Gas Exchange: Respiration
Lesson Overview 27.2 Respiration.
Respiration.
Topic 6: Human Health and Physiology
Unit 12: The Respiratory System
Respiration AP Biology Unit 6.
Respiration Section 27.2.
Lesson Overview 27.2 Respiration.
GAS EXCHANGE in “Animals”
Comparative Anatomy: Animal Body Systems: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lesson Overview 27.2 Respiration.
Gas exchange.
Circulation and Gas Exchange
11.1 The Function of Respiration
Lesson Overview 27.2 Respiration.
Breathing and the Respiratory System
Presentation transcript:

Respiration

Gas exchange (O 2 and CO 2 ) Diffusion down concentration gradient Specialized epithelial surfaces Moist Thin Large surface area

Respiration Fick’s Law—The larger the surface area and the steeper the partial pressure gradient, the faster diffusion will proceed. Ventilation Active movement of air Necessary in larger animals Enhances gas exchange rates

Respiratory Pigments Metal ions that bind to and carry O2 Hemoglobin All vertebrates; some mollusks, annelids, crustaceans Iron ion Oxygenated—red, deoxygenated—dark red In all Kingdoms, but not all organisms Structure of molecule varies by species

Respiratory Pigments Hemocyanin Most mollusks, some arthropods Copper ion Oxygenated—blue, deoxygenated—colorless Second most common pigment Myoglobin Found in muscle tissue Can store O 2 for later use Amounts vary between species

Invertebrate Respiration Integumentary Exchange Some aquatic animals Small, simple organisms Protozoans Poriferans, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, Annelids, etc. Short distance between O 2 and tissues

Invertebrate Respiration Gills Aquatic mollusks, arthropods Different than fish Outgrowth of body wall Highly folded Gas exchange to water

Invertebrate Respiration Book Lungs Most arachnids 1-4 pairs Folded appearance Direct opening outside of body

Invertebrate Respiration Tracheal System Insects, millipedes, centipedes, some arachnids Spiracles in integument Tubes branch several times Tips of finest branches end at body cells in all tissues

Vertebrate Respiration Gills Aquatic vertebrates Most internal External in some fish larvae & amphibians Finely branched Attached to firm supports

Vertebrate Respiration Countercurrent Flow Blood flows in opposite direction to water Maximizes O 2 exchange

Vertebrate Respiration Lungs All terrestrial vertebrates, some fish Saclike internal organ Airways connect to external environment Variable complexity

Vertebrate Respiration Amphibian respiration Larvae gills, adults lungs Some integumentary exchange Frogs/toads take O 2 through lungs, eliminate CO 2 through skin Small, simple lungs Positive pressure “Gulps” air into mouth Pushes air into lungs Body wall muscles contract, forcing air out of lungs

Vertebrate Respiration Reptile respiration More developed lungs Negative pressure Draw air into lungs Expansion & contraction of ribs causes ventilation

Vertebrate Respiration Avian respiration Rigid lungs No alveoli Air sacs Air flow continuously through lungs Inhalation—air moves into posterior air sacs & lungs Exhalation—air moves from air sacs into lungs, also exits lungs Ventilate by expanding & contracting chest

Vertebrate Respiration Mammal respiration Diaphragm Contracts, pulling chest cavity down (negative pressure) Relaxes, allowing outward flow Ribcage can expand & contract Exhalation not complete O 2 -poor and O 2 -rich air mix

Mammal/Human Respiration Nasal & Oral CavitiesPharynxGlottisLarynxTrachea BronchiBronchiolesAlveoli

Mammal/Human Respiration Alveous (pl. alveoli) Only in mammals Spherical sacs Surrounded by capillaries Simple squamous epithelium

Respiratory Cycle Inhalation Ribs move out, diaphragm (if present) moves down Increases thoracic volume Draws air into lungs Active, requires energy Gas exchange Exhalation Intercostal muscles & diaphragm relax Thoracic volume returns to normal Reduction in volume forces air out Passive, no energy required

Special Situations High altitude Air pressure decreases w/ altitude This decreases O 2 transport Hypoxia Low blood O 2 Heart & respiratory muscles work harder Hyperventilate Animals Hemoglobin has better affinity for oxygen Carry more O 2 at low pressure

Special Situations Humans born at high altitude Lungs have more alveoli & blood vessels Heart has larger ventricles to pump more blood Muscles have more mitochondria Humans born at low altitude Can acclimate Eventually produce more RBCs Better oxygenation, but thicker blood

Special Situations Deep Sea High pressure due to water volume Forces nitrogen to be dissolved in tissues Passes through cell membranes If in neurons, disrupts signals Nitrogen narcosis When ascend, N2 moves into blood If too rapid, bubbles form in blood “The Bends” Pain in joints, obstructed blood flow to organs

Special Situations Well-trained humans hold breath 3 min Human records Free-diving length: 9 min 8 sec Free-diving depth: 244m (800’) Deep-diving depth: 330m (1,082’) 10m to reach depth 8 hr 49 min to return to surface

Special Situations Animals Sperm whale: 2500m (8,200’, 1.5mi), hr Leatherback sea turtle: 1,000m (3,280’), 30 min Bottlenose dolphin: 550m (1,804’), 10 min

Special Situations How???? Fill lungs fully before dive 85-90% air exchange Humans 15% As dive lengthens, blood directed away from most organs Preferentially to brain & heart Myoglobin up to 10 times humans 41% of O 2 stored in muscles (humans 13%) High lactic acid tolerance Can operate in anaerobic metabolism longer Mechanisms to avoid “bends” Air w/ N 2 taken at surface (lower pressure) W/ depth, air moved to nonabsorptive areas, reducing gas exchange